The principle is majoritarianism.Majoritarian govt is a system of governance which signifies the belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants disregarding the wishes of the minority.

Features of majoritarian govt in Sri Lanka

1) The goverment recognised Sinhala as the only official language disregarding Tamil.

2) The govt followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and goverment jobs.

3) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.

Impact :

1)All the govt measures,coming one after the other ,gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

2)They felt that none of the major political parties led by Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture.

3) They felt that the constitution and goverment policies denied them equal political rights,discriminated against them in getting jobs and other oppotunities.

4)As a result,the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahtma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin on 5 March 1930 before the second round table conference which went really bad. In this pact the following was taken care of: Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions.

Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world experienced decline in production, employment, incomes and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were the most affected.

Causes of Great Depression :

(i) Post-World War economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted.

(ii) Many countries financed loans from the U.S.

(iii) U.S. overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis.

(iv) Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe and in the U.S. because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors.

(v) American capitalists stopped all loans.

Sustainable development is important for economic growth because :

(i) Environment must be conserved while development is taking place.

(ii) Resources must be used in such a way that something is conserved for future generations.

(iii) The standard of living of all people must be raised.

 Measures to ensure Sustainable development :

(i) We should focus on using renewable resources and keep inventing new techniques to decrease the use of conventional resources.

 (ii) The present resources must be used judiciously, with planning, and over exploitation should be avoided.

Sustainable development is the development of the society to meet the human development goals, and without compromising on the need to balance the ecosystem and the environment.

It is going to be extinguished in a couple of years and will take millions of years to restore. One main implication of following the unsustainable development is th climatic change global warming.

Having said that, sustainable development is not just about the environment. It also focuses on the human well being and ensuring a strong, healthy society. It simultaneously focuses on both the environment and society. The changes that we adhere to now will impact in the future. For example, Take a walk or cycle to the nearby shops or supermarkets, instead of taking your bike. This will save you money, fuel and also increases your body movement.

To practice sustainable development, it is essential to make the right decisions, as it will affect society. For example, depending on the imports for their food supply, instead of growing it, UK runs short on food supply.

The following are the factors responsible for soil formation:

1. Relief, origin rock, weather, vegetation and other modes of life and time are critical factors in soil formation.

2. Many forces of nature such as the fluctuation in temperature, movements of flowing water, wind and icecaps, actions of decomposers, etc. also contribute to the formation of loam.

3. Biochemical and natural changes which take place in the loam are correspondingly significant.

4. The organic material (humus) and artificial substances are also found in soil.

Some common developmental goals are

1) Equality in the society in which we live.

2) Increase in Income

3) Good Medical Facility

4) Stock of basic necessities

5) Good Education

Common Developmental Goals

Common developmental goals are those development goals which are basic for all humans with irrespective of what field in which they are working.

Nationalist anxieties developed in the Balkan province due to the subsequent factors:

Balkan was geographically discrete province which involved of presently Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina,  Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

Developing of Romantic patriotism simultaneously with traditional sentiments of sovereignty.

The destruction of the Ottoman Empire was the major reason which was the sustaining force in the province.

Contrary aspirations of Balkan communities which presumed to accomplish more dominion at the interest of others turned to be the major reason of conflict. It also began to display an exhibition of big potential opposition and rift among several nations.

Different persons have different notions of development because life scenario of persons are different. Some persons are poor and some are rich. They think about those things which are most important to them. Poor person will think about his basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter.

Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.
Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich once described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

In Belgium, leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian government accommodated its diverse ethnic population in the following manner:

• Constitution says that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central government. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
• Many powers of the Central Government have been given to the state governments, of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
• There is a third kind of government, called the ‘community government’. This government is elected by the people belonging to one language community—Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural education and language related issues.
  These arrangements helped to avoid a civic strife between the two major communities and a possible division of the country on linguistic lines.

We learn the following from the stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka:

a. The best way to bring about peace and stability in a society which is characterised by ethnic , linguistic diversity is to share power among the diverse groups, to involve them in the decision making process. Such a power sharing arrangement will mitigate the chances of conflict in the society a sin case of Belgium. Sri lanka on the other witnessed worst form of civil war resulting in killings of thousands.
b. We also learn that power sharing is the very spirit of democracy as it expands democracy to the grass root level making it more inclusive and representative in nature.
c. Power sharing also gives representation and political voice to the minorities and prevents the imposition of majoritarinism policy to sought to  establish the supremacy and dominance of the majority community as in case of Sri Lanka where the interest of Tamil minorities were totally disregarded.
d. Most importantly we learn  that power sharing will ensure justice, fairness, equality in the society by accommodating varied interests.

Based on the relationship between the central and state government–the concept of federalism is divided into- Co-operative federalism and Competitive federalism. In Cooperative federalism the Centre and states share a horizontal relationship, where they “cooperate” in the larger public interest.

There are two kinds of routes.

• Coming together federation : (A) It is the first route of the formation of federalism. ...
• Holding Together Federalism : (A) It is the second route of the formation of federalism where a large power or country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and national government.

(a) They amended their constitution four times so as to work out an innovative arrangement that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French both in the central government; state government and community government. They followed a policy of accommodation.
(b) This helped to avoid civic strife and division of the country on linguistic lines.
(c) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act of 1956.
These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civic strife between the two communities.

We find that both Belgium and Sri Lanka dealt with the issue of power sharing differently. In Belgium, the leaders respected the interests of both linguistic groups and avoided any possibilities of clashes among the Dutch- and French-speaking communities. In Sri Lanka, however, the assertive policies of the majority community led to a civil war threatening the unity and integrity of the country.

Waste land is the land that left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years.

4R means Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Restore
Reduce- We must reduce the use of resources as much as possible and save them for the future generation. Reducing the usage is a method of conservation of resources.
Reuse- Resources can be reused wherever possible. We need not produce resources on large scale which may lead to exploitation of natural resources. Instead we can reuse them.
Recycle- Resources can be recycled wherever possible so that they can be used again and again.
Restore- We can restore resources into their original state, wherever possible.

Belgium
1.They adopted a policy of power sharing.
 2. They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter
3.It solved the problem.

SriLanka
1)They adopted a policy of Majoritarioism.
2) They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minority
3). It only increased the problem