William Henry of Orange in the Glorious Revolution, Thomas Jefferson in the American Revolution and Lafayette in the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution. The development into maturity of classical liberalism took place before and after the French Revolution in Britain and was based on the following core concepts, namely classical economics, free trade, laissez-faire government with minimal intervention and taxation and a balanced budget.

The development into maturity of classical liberalism took place before and after the French Revolution in Britain and was based on the following core concepts, namely classical economics, free trade, laissez-faire government with minimal intervention and taxation and a balanced budget. William Henry of Orange in the Glorious Revolution, Thomas Jefferson in the American Revolution and Lafayette in the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution.

The flag or sign of a nation

The coat of arms of the soil or ruling family

The seal or stamp of the land or ruling family

The leader of state

The linked device and slogan can also be used separately

The state colors, frequently derived from the above

Nonfigurative symbols

National anthem, royal and majestic hymns

All these things are of priceless possession for a nation

In the attachments are images showing the difference between the flag of Europeans and others

(i) In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements.
(ii) Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.
(iii) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power.
(iv) In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

Under comprehensive land development programme, institutional and technical reforms were introduced to increase the agricultural production. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.

2 prominent industrialists were PURSHOTTAM DAS and G.D. BIRLA..

1)The industrialists attacked the colonial control and supported the civil disobedience
movement when it was first launched.

2)They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.

3)But after the failure of Second round table conference,business groups were no
longer equally enthusiastic.

4)They were worried about disruption of business.

Collateral is an asset or form of physical wealth that the borrower owns like house, livestock, vehicle etc. It is against these assets that the banks provide loans to the borrower. The borrower uses assets as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.

• The tiger is the biggest species of the cat family.

• Tigers can reach a length of up to 3.3 metres (11 feet) and weigh as much as 300 kilograms (660 pounds).

• Subspecies of the tiger include the Sumatran Tiger, Siberian Tiger, Bengal Tiger, South China Tiger, Malayan Tiger and Indochinese Tiger.

• Many subspecies of the tiger are either endangered or already extinct. Humans are the primary cause of this through hunting and the destruction of habitats.

• Around half of tiger cubs don’t live beyond two years of age.

• Tiger cubs leave their mother when they are around 2 years of age.

• A group of tigers is known as an ‘ambush’ or ‘streak’.

• Tigers are good swimmers and can swim up to 6 kilometres.

• Rare white tigers carry a gene that is only present in around 1 in every 10000 tigers.

• Tigers usually hunt alone at night time.

• Tigers have been known to reach speeds up to 65 kph (40 mph).

• Less than 10% of hunts end successfully for tigers

• Tigers can easily jump over 5 metres in length.

Four ways in which we can conserve water are

1. By building small check dams and tanks which are not only environment-friendly but also recharge groundwater.

2. By rainwater harvesting and collecting rooftop water.

3. To keep a check on industrial effluents which pollute rivers.

4. To take every possible step at the personal level to save water (e.g. close the tap while brushing teeth, wash vegetables in a pan rather than directly under tap water etc.).

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

The Great Depression began in 1929. India was an exporter of wheat to European countries. When the international prices of wheat crashed because of the Great Depression, prices of wheat in India fell almost by 50%. Peasants and farmers were the worst sufferers. While the prices of the crops declined, the government refused to reduce the revenues. This forced the peasants to borrow money from the moneylenders. At this time in India, the peasants’ indebtedness increased.

The causes of the Great Depression were
(i) Conditions created by war There was an immense industrial expansion due to the increased demand of goods supplied to the army, during the period of the First World War. After the war, the demand for these goods suddenly dropped and so, there was no demand in many industries. There was also a large fall in the agricultural prices due to reduced demand.
(ii) Over production in agriculture Agricultural over production was another major factor responsible for the depression. This was made worse by falling agricultural .prices. As prices slumped and agricultural incomes declined, the farmers tried to increase the production and bring a larger volume of produce to the market to maintain their overall income. This worsened the situation by pushing down the prices of farm produce further.
(iii) Shortage of loans In the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the USA. While it was often very easy to raise loans in the USA during the boom period, lenders in the USA panicked at the first sign of trouble. Countries that depend crucially on US loans, now faced an acute crisis.
(iv) Multiple effect With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression i.e. banks in the USA slashed domestic lending and some stopped bank loans, thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close down. Factories closed, leading to unemployment, which further aggravated the crises. The US banking system collapsed.
(v) Large-scale unemployment Farm could not sell their harvests, businesses collapsed. As a result, large scale unemployment occurred.

One important features of the vibrant US economy of the 1920s was mass production. A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer Henry Ford. He adapted the assembly line production to his new car plant in Detroit.
The assembly line production forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously – such as fitting a particular part to the car – at a pace dictated by the conveyor belt. This was a way of increasing the output per worker by speeding up the pace of work.

Consumer awareness is the knowledge that a consumer should have about his/her legal rights and duties. It is a must for a consumer to follow these rights. It is implemented for the protection of the consumer, so that the consumer is not exploited by the seller of the products. Consumer awareness shields them from the exploitation by producers and sellers. 3. Control over consumption of harmful goods : There are several such goods available in market which cause harm to some consumers. For example we can take goods like cigarette, tobacco, liquor etc.

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

• People have different developmental goals because people come from different background.

• Different people have different dreams and aspirations.

• People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the prevailing situation
• People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be contradictory to previous goal
• For Example : A person willing to do higher education will change his goal go for employment because weak economic situation of the family

Resources can be classified on different bases; into following types:

• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership: Individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development: Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves

It is quite rue. The same thing can’t be good for everyone. For example, the so called development may be considered development for human beings; but it is not development for the environment, flora and fauna.

Another example is building of thermal or nuclear power plants. Their development may give benefit to many people by supplying them the electricity. But the people whose land was acquired, and the people living in the vicinity of these power plants, might face certain inconveniences and hazards.

In conclusion we can say, what may be development for one may not be development for the other.

The democratically elected Sri Lankan Government in 1956 enacted an act to displace the English language with Sinhala (Sinhala communities' language). And the government did not pay any attention to the Tamil language. A number of measures were adopted by the elected government to establish the supremacy of Sinhala. Accordingly, the Tamils of Sri Lanka realized that the political parties led by Buddhist Sinhala chiefs were susceptible to their culture and language.

A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability — they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. ... An item becomes a resource with time and developing technology. The geographically informed person must understand that a "resource" is a cultural concept. A resource is any physical material constituting part of Earth that people need and value. Natural materials become resources when humans value them. ... Some resources are finite, while others can be replenished at varying rates.

Power sharing is the need in democracy because of the following:

• It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
• It gives people the right to be consulted on how they should be governed and all the citizens tend to have the same political and legal rights.

Thus, it can be said that power sharing is the spirit of democracy.

Also, though it may seem that dividing of powers means dividing the nation or for that matter weakening the country, however the above reasons prove that in the long run it assists in building the unity of the nation.