Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.

Moral Reason: The avoiding conflict in society and preventing majority tyranny are considered as prudential reasons for power sharing. Maintaining the spirit of democracy is considered as the moral reason for power sharing.

Power sharing is the need in democracy because of the following:

• It helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
• It gives people the right to be consulted on how they should be governed and all the citizens tend to have the same political and legal rights.

Thus, it can be said that power sharing is the spirit of democracy.

Also, though it may seem that dividing of powers means dividing the nation or for that matter weakening the country, however the above reasons prove that in the long run it assists in building the unity of the nation

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.This is known as distribution of power. No organ of the governemnt can e P xcercise unlimited power as each ower sharing among different Organs of the Government organ checks the others.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments. In India there is another lower level of government -local self government.This is called vertical division of government.
• Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups. In India, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration.
• Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power. When no party gets a majority, two or more parties come together to form a governemnt. In a democracy, pressure and interest groups also have an indirect share in the governemnt's power.

A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group, believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.

Arid soil- This type of soil is sandy and saline and is found in arid regions, particularly deserts. The soil lacks humus and moisture due to dry climate and rapid evaporation. The calcium content in this type of soil increases downwards.
Forest soil- It is rich in dead organic matter and humus content caused by their decomposition. Thus, the soil is rich in nutrients.

Hidden unemployment or disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment where some people seem to be employed but are not. This usually occurs when there is over-employment in a particular sector. This basically means that on paper you can show employment but in reality, too many have been hired to do a job that can be done by fewer people.

When people can’t find jobs that employ their skills or education to full capacity, they still have bills to pay, so they settle for lesser responsibilities, known as “underemployment.” 

For example, in the rural areas per agricultural sector, where ten members of a farmer family are employed on small farm plots when five are enough. Those extra 5 members are unemployed rather than being employed.

Another example is if you have one cow, you ideally need one person to milk it. If you hire 10 people to milk one cow, you just created disguised unemployment.

Effect of MNC's decision to relocate production to Asian Countries:

a. It provided for cheap labor to MNC's

b. It stimulated world trade.

c. Increased capital inflow in the Asian Countries

d. Brought about new technology and production methods to the Asian Countries.

e. Greater choice of goods and services to the people.

f. Greater employment opportunities for Asian countries.

g. Rapid economic transformation resulting in the growth of economies like India, China

With checks and balances, each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful. Each branch checks the power of the other branches to make sure that the power is balanced between them.

Unification of Germany:

• The  newly  emerged  middle  class  in  Germany  in  1848  tried  to  unite  several German  kingdoms which  were  suppressed  by  monarchies  and  large  landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
• Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto  von  Bismarck,  the  Chief  Minister  of  Prussia, aimed  to  achieve  the  goal  of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
• Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
• The  German  unification  was  completed  in  1871  and  in  the  same  year William I was  declared  as  the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
• The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.

18th February 1915 is actually called the dear bread year.

• It is very hard for finding a tradesman or merchant with extensive experience and skills who has maintained the tally of the market cost on the commodities in that he actually deals.
• To avoid the inconveniences, some of the new actions are taken.
• The required efforts are used for eliminating the difficulties faced by the merchants and tradesman.

Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are:
→ It doesn’t show the distribution of income.
→ It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.

The total income is the income of all the residents of a country. This total income is called the gross national product (GNP). This implies the money value of all the final goods and services produced by normal residents of a country during a period of a year. Here the term national signifies that production of normal residents of the country is to be included even if they are outside the domestic territory of country.   

Average Income/ Per Capita Income measures the money earned or unearned [average income] per person in an given area [city,region,country,etc] in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population.

India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types. These have contributed in the development of various types of soils.

1. Alluvial soil.
2. Black soil. .
3. Red and Yellow soils.
4. Laterite soil.
5. Arid soil.
6. Forest soils.

1.Alluvial soil: This is the most widely spread and important soil. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. According to the age of the soil alluvial soils can be classified as.
Bangar (Old Alluvial).
Khadar (New Alluvial).
2. Black soil: These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap region spread over northwest Deccan plateau. They are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.
3. Red and yellow soil: Red soil develops on ciystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of Deccan plateau. Yellow and red soils are found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the western ghats.
4. Laterite soil: The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the organisms get destroyed due to high temperature.
5. Arid soil: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline nature. It lacks moisture and humus due to high temperature and evaporation.
6. Forest soils: This soils is found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. The soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and silly in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

The caricaturist is depicting the club of liberal nationalists which dates back 1820.Conservative regimes were set up in 1815. These regimes were autocratic they were not ready to tolerate criticism and dissent. They curbed all the actions which put a question mark on the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of the regimes had imposed censorship law to have control over freedom of the press and over songs motivating the ideas of liberty.  

Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill in England. This cotton mill was set up in 1771 at Cromford in Derbyshire.

• People have different developmental goals because people come from different background.

• Different people have different dreams and aspirations.

• People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the prevailing situation
• People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be contradictory to previous goal
• For Example : A person willing to do higher education will change his goal go for employment because weak economic situation of the family