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Physical properties of non-metals
- Non-metals may be either solids, liquids or gases.
- Solid non-metals are brittle and break down into powdery mass on striking with a hammer except diamond which is the hardest non-metal.
- They have a dull luster but iodine is lustorous.
- They have low melting points except diamond that has very high melting point.
- They are poor conductors of heat and electricity except graphite.
- They are not malleable.
- They are not ductile.
- They are not sonorous.
- Examples are carbon, Sulphur, oxygen, phosphorous and many more.
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Chipko Andolan (‘Hug the Trees Movement’) was launched by the people of Reni in Garhwal in the early 1970s and was spread headed by Sunder Lal Bahuguna. The Chipko Andolan was the result of a grassroot level effort to end the alienation of people from forests. The movement originated from a dispute between the local villages and are logging contractor who had been allowed to fell trees in a forest close to the village. On the specific day the forest contractors workers appeared in the forest to cut the trees while the men folk were absent. The woman of the village reached the forest quickly and clasped the tree trunks with their arms , thus preventing the workers from felling the trees. The forest trees were saved and the contractor had to withdraw.
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Like animals plants also shows movements. The movement of plant in the direction of stimulus is knows as tropic movement. Plants show two different types of movements, one is independent of growth and the other is dependent on growth.
- The movement of a plant part in response to light is called phototropism
- The movement of a plant part in response to gravity is called geotropism.
- The movement of a plant part in response to chemicals is called chemotropism.
- The movement of a plant part in response to water is called hydrotropism.
- The directional movement of a plant part in response to touch of an object is called thigmotropism.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Classification of organisms is based on relative similarities and differences among organisms. resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. as the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
|
Autotrophic Nutrition |
Heterotrophic Nutrition |
|
In autotrophic nutrition, organisms prepare their own food |
In heterotrophic nutrition, organisms do not prepare their own food |
|
Autotrophs are the producers in the food chain |
Heterotrophs are the consumers in the food chain |
|
Autotrophs use simple substances from surroundings to produce food |
Heterotrophs consume organic compounds produced by the autotrophs |
|
Example: Plants and some algae |
Example: Animals and some plants |
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
- When ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is dissolved in water, an endothermic reaction takes place. The salt dissociates into ammonium (NH4+) and chloride (Cl–) ions. The chemical equation can be written as follows: NH4Cl (s) + H2O (l) ⟶ NH4Cl (aq) – Heat
- Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), an important component in instant cold packs, dissociates into the ammonium cation (NH4+) and the nitrate anion (NO3–) when dissolved in water. These ions go on to form ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and nitric acid (HNO3) respectively (by reacting with the OH– and H+ ions in water). This reaction is endothermic in nature since it cools the surroundings by absorbing heat from it.
- The formation of nitric oxide from the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is endothermic since it involves the absorption of approximately 180.5 kilojoules of heat for every mole of N2 and O2.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
| Soaps | Detergents |
| Consist of a ‘-COONa’ group attached to a fatty acid having a long alkyl chain. | Consist of a ‘-SO3Na’ group attached to a long alkyl chain. |
| They are not effective in hard water and saline water | They do not lose their effectiveness in hard water and saline water. |
| Soaps are completely biodegradable | Detergents containing a branched hydrocarbon chain are non-biodegradable |
| They have a tendency to form sum in a hard water environment. | These compounds do not form scum. |
| They are derived from natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. | Detergents are synthetic derivatives. |
| Soaps are environment-friendly products since they are biodegradable. | These compounds can form a thick foam that causes the death of aquatic life. |
| Examples of soaps: sodium palmitate and sodium stearate. | Examples of detergents: deoxycholic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate. |
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