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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
A human digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body and the unused parts of the food are defecated. Human digestive system is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas, etc). These two parts together help in digestion in humans.
The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed. It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx, esophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and finally ends at the ****. The food particles get digested gradually as they travel through various compartments of the alimentary canal. Accessory organs are organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes.
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity. The mouth has many accessory organs such as the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, which help in the digestion of food. Teeth grind the food into small pieces. Salivary glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called the salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch content and moistens the food, before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.
Pharynx: The pharynx passes the chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The flap of tissue known as the epiglottis present in pharynx prevents food from entering into the wide pipe
Esophagus or Food Pipe
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length and pushes it down to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a thick-walled muscular bag that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It is the largest part of the human digestive system. Stomach acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end. The inner walls of the stomach consist of the gastric glands which secrete mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. These continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.
Mucous protects the lining of the stomach while acid kills bacteria that enter the body along with the food. Hydrochloric acid also makes the medium in the stomach acidic, which helps the digestive enzymes like pepsin to act. The digestive enzymes break down proteins into simpler substances.
Small Intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the human digestive system. It is a highly coiled long, thin tube which is about 7.5 metres in length. The length of the small intestine depends on the diet of the organism. A major proportion of digestion takes place in the small intestines. All types of nutrients are digested here with the help of secretions which it receives from the liver and the pancreas. The walls of the small intestine also secrete juices for digesting food.
The liver releases bile juice which alkalizes the acidic food received from the stomach and also emulsifies the fat content. The pancreatic juice digests the proteins and lipids. Finally, the intestinal secretions convert the carbohydrates into glucose, proteins to amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Once the food is broken down into the simple particles, it is ready to be absorbed by the body. The villi, finger-like projections present on the walls of the small intestine, absorb the digested food by increasing the surface area. The absorbed food is then transported to different parts of the body through the blood vessels for cell activities.
Large Intestine: The large intestine is a long, thick tube which is about 1.5 meters long. The large intestine absorbs water and small amounts of nutrients from the undigested food with the help of many symbiotic bacteria residing in it. The remaining waste passes into th
e rectum, where it remains as semi-solid feces. Feces exit the body through the **** via time-to-time excretion. This process is called Digestion.
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A filament is made up of a substance having a high melting point because a bulb lights up heating the filament. The heated filament is the source of light and if the melting point of filament's substance is low, it may melt.
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When an aerobic respiration takes place in our muscles and glucose is converted into lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen. muscle cramps are caused. they can be relieved by hot water bath or massage because this increases the blood circulation which increases the supply of oxygen.
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The major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver.
Mouth- The mouth is a specialized organ for receiving food and breaking up large organic masses. In the mouth, food is changed mechanically by biting and chewing. Food is moistened by saliva. The saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which digests starch into maltose. During chewing, the tongue moves food about and manipulates it into a mass called a bolus. The bolus is pushed back into the pharynx and is forced through the opening to the esophagus.
Esophagus- The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis
Stomach - The stomach is an expandable pouch located high in the abdominal cavity. Layers of stomach muscle contract and churn the bolus of food with gastric juices to form a soupy liquid called chyme. The stomach stores food and prepares it for further digestion. In addition, the stomach plays a role in protein digestion. Gastric glands called chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The pepsin then digests large proteins into smaller proteins called peptides. To protect the stomach lining from the acid stomach cells secretes mucus that lines the stomach cavity.
Small intestine: The chyme enters from stomach to the small intestine. The three parts of small intestine are duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The inner surface of the small intestine contains numerous fingerlike projections called villi. Each villus has projections of cells called microvilli to increase the surface area.
Most chemical digestion takes place in the duodenum. In this region, enzymes digest nutrients into simpler forms that can be absorbed. Intestinal enzymes are supplemented by enzymes from the pancreas. In addition, bile enters the small intestine from the gall bladder to assist in fat digestion.
The enzymes functioning in carbohydrate digestion include amylase (for starch), maltase (for maltose), sucrase (for sucrose) and lactase (for lactose).
For fats, the principal enzyme is lipase. Before this enzyme can act, the large globules of fat must be broken into smaller droplets by bile.
Protein digestion is accomplished by several enzymes, including two pancreatic enzymes: trypsin and chymotrypsin. Peptides are broken into smaller peptides, and peptidases reduce the enzymes to amino acids.
Nucleases digest nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine also.
The products of digestion enter cells of the villi, move across the cells, and enter blood vessels called capillaries. Diffusion accounts for the movement of many nutrients, but active transport is responsible for the movement of glucose and amino acids. The products of fat digestion pass as small droplets of fat into lacteals, which are branches of the lymphatic system.
Substances that have not been digested or absorbed then pass into the large intestine.
Large intestine - The large intestine's chief functions are to absorb water and to store, process, and eliminate the residue following digestion and absorption. The intestinal matter remaining after water has been reclaimed is known as feces. The feces are stored in the rectum and passed out through the **** to complete the digestion process.
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Steps Involved in Balancing a Chemical Equation:
Consider the chemical reaction between magnesium and oxygen to understand the steps involved in balancing a chemical equation.
Step 1:
Let us first write the word equation for this reaction.
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
Step 2:
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and oxygen.
Mg + O2 → MgO
Step 3:
Count the number of atoms of an element occurring on both L.H.S. and R.H.S. in this equation.
Mg + O2 → MgO
|
Component |
Reactant |
Product |
|
Magnesium |
1 |
1 |
|
Oxygen |
2 |
1 |
This is an unbalanced equation.
Step 4:
To balance a chemical equation, first draw boxes around each formula. Do not change anything inside the boxes while balancing the equation.
Choose a reactant or a product which has the maximum number of atoms in it.
In that compound, select the element which has the maximum number of atoms. In this equation we shall select MgO i.e. magnesium oxide and the element oxygen in it.
To balance the oxygen atoms, let us multiply magnesium oxide molecule by 2 on the right hand side.
|
Component |
Reactant |
Product |
|
Magnesium |
1 |
1 x 2 = 2 |
|
Oxygen |
2 |
1 x 2 = 2 |
Step 5:
There are two oxygen atoms on either side of the equation but one magnesium atom on the reactant's side and two on the product's side. Therefore, multiply the magnesium atom by 2 on the left hand side.
|
Component |
Reactant |
Product |
|
Magnesium |
1 x 2 = 2 |
2 |
|
Oxygen |
2 |
2 |
Therefore, the number of atoms of each element of reactants = The number of atoms of each element of products.
Posted by Nishant Choudhary 5 years, 9 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 9 months ago
Acids: The word ‘Acid’ came from Latin word ‘Acidus or Acere’ which means sour.
Sour taste is the most common characteristic of acid. Acid turns blue litmus paper red. There are many substances which contain acid and hence taste sour, such as curd, tamarind, lemon, etc.
Reaction of acids with metal:
Acids give hydrogen gas along with respective salt when they react with a metal.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Example: Hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal.
Zn + 2HCl →ZnCl2 + H2
Reaction of acids with metal carbonate:
Acids give carbon dioxide gas and respective salts along with water when they react with metal carbonates.
Metal carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Examples: Hydrochloric acid gives carbon dioxide gas, sodium chloride along with water when it reacts with sodium carbonate.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
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