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Meghna Thapar 5 years, 5 months ago
Our bodies consist of a number of biological systems that carry out specific functions necessary for everyday living. The job of the circulatory system is to move blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, around the body. It consists of the heart, blood, blood vessels,arteries and veins. Organ systems are formed when two or more organs work together to perform a larger task. The mouth, throat, stomach, large and small intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder all work together, as the digestive system, to process the food we eat so that our cells can absorb the nutrients and convert it into energy.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 5 months ago
Hyperglycemia :
Causes : Results from hyposecretion of insulin.
Symptoms
(a) Blood glucose level is high.
(b) Breakdown of muscle tissue.
(c) Loss of weight; and
(d) Tiredness.
Hypoglycemia :
Causes: Results from hypersecretion of insulin hormone.
Symptoms
1.Hunger.
2.Sweating.
3.Irritability and
4.Double vision.
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The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the system's optical power. A positive focal length indicates that a system converges light, while a negative focal length indicates that the system diverges light. A system with a shorter focal length bends the rays more sharply, bringing them to a focus in a shorter distance or diverging them more quickly. For the special case of a thin lens in air, a positive focal length is a distance over which initially collimated (parallel) rays are brought to a focus, or alternatively a negative focal length indicates how far in front of the lens a point source must be located to form a collimated beam.
- For spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of curvature is found to be equal to twice the focal length.
- The focal length (f) of a mirror is the distance between its pole (P) and principal focus (F).
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For spherical mirrors of small aperture, R = 2f.
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Human Digestive System
A human digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body and the unused parts of the food are defecated. Human digestive system is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas, etc). These two parts together help in digestion in humans.
The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed. It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx, esophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and finally ends at the ****. The food particles get digested gradually as they travel through various compartments of the alimentary canal. Accessory organs are organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes.
Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity. The mouth has many accessory organs such as the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, which help in the digestion of food. Teeth grind the food into small pieces. Salivary glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called the salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch content and moistens the food, before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.
Pharynx: The pharynx passes the chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The flap of tissue known as the epiglottis present in pharynx prevents food from entering into the wide pipe
Esophagus or Food Pipe: The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length and pushes it down to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a thick-walled muscular bag that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It is the largest part of the human digestive system. Stomach acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end. The inner walls of the stomach consist of the gastric glands which secrete mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. These continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.
Mucous protects the lining of the stomach while acid kills bacteria that enter the body along with the food. Hydrochloric acid also makes the medium in the stomach acidic, which helps the digestive enzymes like pepsin to act. The digestive enzymes break down proteins into simpler substances.
Small Intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the human digestive system. It is a highly coiled long, thin tube which is about 7.5 metres in length. The length of the small intestine depends on the diet of the organism. A major proportion of digestion takes place in the small intestines. All types of nutrients are digested here with the help of secretions which it receives from the liver and the pancreas. The walls of the small intestine also secrete juices for digesting food.
The liver releases bile juice which alkalizes the acidic food received from the stomach and also emulsifies the fat content. The pancreatic juice digests the proteins and lipids. Finally, the intestinal secretions convert the carbohydrates into glucose, proteins to amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Once the food is broken down into the simple particles, it is ready to be absorbed by the body. The villi, finger-like projections present on the walls of the small intestine, absorb the digested food by increasing the surface area. The absorbed food is then transported to different parts of the body through the blood vessels for cell activities.
Large Intestine:The large intestine is a long, thick tube which is about 1.5 meters long. The large intestine absorbs water and small amounts of nutrients from the undigested food with the help of many symbiotic bacteria residing in it. The remaining waste passes into the rectum, where it remains as semi-solid feces. Feces exit the body through the **** via time-to-time excretion. This process is called Digestion.
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- Physical Properties of Metals:
- Physical State: All metals are solids at room temperature.
Exceptions: Mercury and gallium are liquids at room temperature.
- Lustre: All metals in their pure state have a shine and can be polished to give a highly reflective surface.
- Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand high tensile strength and can be made into thin sheets. This property of metals is called malleability.
- Ductility: Metals can also be drawn into thin wires. The ability of metals to be drawn into wires is called ductility. Example: Gold and silver are the most ductile metals.
- Conduction of Heat: Metals are good conductors of heat and have high melting points. Example: Silver and copper are very good conductors of electricity.
Exceptions: Lead and mercury are poor conductors of heat.
- Conduction of Electricity: Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Example: All electric wires are made of copper.
- Hardness: Metals are generally hard, and their hardness varies from metal to metal. Alkali metals such as sodium and potassium are soft metals and can be easily cut with a knife.
- Melting and Boiling Points: Metals usually have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has the highest melting point whereas sodium and potassium have low melting points.
- Sonorous: Metals which produce a sound on striking a hard surface are said to be sonorous.
- Non-metals:
Physical Properties of Non-Metals:
- Non-metals are either in the solid or gaseous state.
Exception: Bromine is an exception which exists in the liquid state.
- Non-metals do not have lustre.
Exception: Iodine crystals are lustrous.
- They do not possess the property of hardness.
Exception: Carbon in the form of diamond is the hardest substance, which has a high melting and boiling point.
- Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Exception: Graphite, an allotrope of carbon which conducts electricity.
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