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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
Ecosystem: All organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human beings interact with the non-living physical surroundings in an area called as the ecosystem.
The structural component of an ecosystem may be classified under two main types:
1. Biotic components
2. Abiotic components
Biotic components comprise the living organisms present in an ecosystem. These include plants, animals and micro-organisms (bacteria and fungi). The biotic component of an ecosystem has been classified into three groups:
1. Producers (green plants)
2. Macro consumers (usually animals)
3. Micro consumers or decomposers (organisms like bacteria and fungi).
Abiotic components consist of the non-living components like light, temperature, water, oxygen,carbon, nitrogen and minerals. Various important abiotic factors have been classified as follows:
1. Climatic factors: These include light, temperature, precipitation, atmospheric humidity and wind.
2. Topographic factors: These include altitude, surface slope and exposure, etc.
3. Edaphic factors: These include soil and substratum.
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DNA copying is an important phenomenon of reproduction through which the organisms pass on their characteristics to their offspring. It maintains the characteristics in different generations of the species. It also produces variations which are useful for the survival of species for long time.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
All organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human beings interact with the non-living physical surroundings in an area called as the ecosystem.
There are two main components of an ecosystem which are in constant communication with each other. They are the biotic components and the abiotic components.
Biotic Components of Ecosystem
The living components of an ecosystem are called the biotic components. Some of these factors include plants, animals, as well as fungi and bacteria. These biotic components can be further classified, based on the energy requirement source. Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the three broad categories of biotic components.
- Producers are the plants in the ecosystem, which can generate their own energy requirement through photosynthesis, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. All other living beings are dependent on plants for their energy requirement of food as well as oxygen.
- Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. The herbivores are the living organisms that feed on plants. Carnivores eat other living organisms. Omnivores are animals that can eat both plant and animal tissue.
- Decomposers are the fungi and bacteria, which are the saprophytes. They feed on the decaying organic matter and convert this matter into nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The saprophytes play a vital role in recycling the nutrients so that the producers i.e. plants can use them once again.
Abiotic Components of Ecosystem
Abiotic components are the physical and/or the chemical factors that act on the living organisms at any part of their life. These are also called as the ecological factors. The physical and chemical factors are characteristic of the environment. Light, air, soil, and nutrients, etc. form the abiotic components of an ecosystem.
The abiotic factors vary from ecosystem to ecosystem. In an aquatic ecosystem, the abiotic factors may include water pH, sunlight, turbidity, water depth, salinity, available nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Similarly, abiotic factors in terrestrial ecosystems can include soil, soil types, temperature, rain, altitude, wind, nutrients, sunlight etc.
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Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is a strong base. It dissociates completely into Ca2+ and OH- ions in aqueous solution. It is, however, sparingly soluble in water. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base but not very soluble.
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Normal ventilation is an automatic, seemingly effortless inspiratory expansion and expiratory contraction of the chest cage. This act of normal breathing has a relatively constant rate and inspiratory volume that together constitute normal respiratory rhythm. The accessory muscles of inspiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalenes) and expiration (abdominal) are not normally used in the resting state. Abnormalities may occur in rate, rhythm, and in the effort of breathing.
Technique
The establishment of the tidal volume and pattern of respiration in normal individuals is a complicated process. Recognizing alterations in these factors is an important early clue of disease recognition. While frequently it is nonspecific, in many instances it can lead directly to a diagnosis. Careful observation of the respiratory rate and pattern is a crucial part of the physical examination.
Simple inspection of the respiratory cycle, observing rate, rhythm, inspiratory volume, and effort of breathing, is all that is necessary. The rate is noted by observing the frequency of the inspiratory phase, since this phase is active and easy to count. Record the number of breaths per minute; this is the respiratory rate. While observing the rate, note the inspiratory expansion of the chest cage. This expansion should be the same during each cycle.
Normally, the accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration are not used. Their use should be observed and, if found, recorded as "use of accessory muscles on inspiration" and "expiration is active with abdominal muscle contraction."
Basic Science
The respiratory system's major functions are to provide an adequate oxygen (O2) supply to meet the energy production requirements of the body and maintain a suitable acid-base status by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. This is accomplished by moving varying volumes of air into and out of the lungs. Ventilation, the process of air movement into the lungs, is a carefully controlled modality with a wide range of response that enables the markers of gas exchange adequacy (Pao2, Paco2, and pH) to be kept within a relatively small physiologic range.
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Electric power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed into an electrical circuit. It is represented by P.
The formula for electric power is
P = VI = VQ/t
P = Power
V i= Potential difference in the circuit
I = Electric current
Q = Electric charge in coulombs
t = Time in seconds
The SI unit of electric power is Watt or joule per second.
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(a) This is because a concave lens forms a virtual and erect image for any position of the object.
(b) This is because image formed by a convex lens may be real and inverted for some positions of the object and image formed may also be virtual and erect for some other positions to the object.
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Lack of protein in diet.
Explanation: The mainly responsible for stunted growth of a person swelling of face discoloration of hair and skin diseases because the person is not taking enough protein in his food. He should eat a lot of pulses, grams, egg white, milk etc.
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Yogita Ingle 5 years, 3 months ago
Excretion in human beings
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