In the ion-electron method (also called the half-reaction method), the redox equation is separated into two half-equations - one for oxidation and one for reduction. Each of these half-reactions is balanced separately and then combined to give the balanced redox equation.

Steps To Balance Ionic Equations

1. Write the net ionic equation for the unbalanced reaction. ...
2. Separate the net ionic equation into the two half-reactions. ...
3. For one of the half-reactions, balance the atoms except for O and H. ...
4. Repeat this with the other half-reaction.
5. Add H2O to balance the O atoms. ...
6. Balance charge.

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an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen is called hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other important energy sources.

It is an organic compound made by the combination of hydrogen and carbon.

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called hydrocarbyls. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibres, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals.

Here we are basically analyzing Series and Parallel Circuits.
Let us first understand some characteristics.
★ Series Circuit
→ Current through each resistor is same.
→ Voltage Drop is different across each resistor.
★ Parallel Circuit
→ Current is different through each resistor.
→ Voltage Drop is the same across each resistor.
Coming to the question: Three bulbs are connected, once in a Series Circuit, and once in a Parallel Circuit.
Let us assume that the battery is of Voltage V.
(i) In Series Circuit, the voltage drops across the bulbs. Each bulb has a voltage drop of (V/3) across it.
Each bulb glows with the same brightness.
In Parallel Circuit, each bulb receives a Voltage V.
Again, each bulb glows with the same brightness.
However, the bulbs in Parallel Circuit glow with more brightness as compared to bulbs in Series Circuit.
The reason is simply that Parallel Circuit Bulbs receive more Voltage.
(ii) One bulb is fused.
In Series Circuit, if one bulb is fused, all other bulbs will stop working. Because the current cannot flow to the other bulbs
However, in Parallel Circuit, there are still other pathways for current to flow.
The fused bulb will stop working, but the other bulbs will continue to glow with the same brightness.
(iii) The diagram is attached.
 

Human Digestive System

A human digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body and the unused parts of the food are defecated. Human digestive system is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas, etc). These two parts together help in digestion in humans.

The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed. It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx, esophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and finally ends at the ****. The food particles get digested gradually as they travel through various compartments of the alimentary canal. Accessory organs are organs which participate in the digestion process but are not actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes.

Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity. The mouth has many accessory organs such as the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, which help in the digestion of food. Teeth grind the food into small pieces. Salivary glands secrete saliva which contains an enzyme called the salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch content and moistens the food, before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.

 Pharynx: The pharynx passes the chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The flap of tissue known as the epiglottis present in pharynx prevents food from entering into the wide pipe

Esophagus or Food Pipe: The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length and pushes it down to the stomach.

 Stomach: The stomach is a thick-walled muscular bag that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. It is the largest part of the human digestive system. Stomach acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end. The inner walls of the stomach consist of the gastric glands which secrete mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. These continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.

Mucous protects the lining of the stomach while acid kills bacteria that enter the body along with the food. Hydrochloric acid also makes the medium in the stomach acidic, which helps the digestive enzymes like pepsin to act. The digestive enzymes break down proteins into simpler substances.

Small Intestine: The small intestine is the longest part of the human digestive system. It is a highly coiled long, thin tube which is about 7.5 metres in length. The length of the small intestine depends on the diet of the organism. A major proportion of digestion takes place in the small intestines. All types of nutrients are digested here with the help of secretions which it receives from the liver and the pancreas. The walls of the small intestine also secrete juices for digesting food.

The liver releases bile juice which alkalizes the acidic food received from the stomach and also emulsifies the fat content. The pancreatic juice digests the proteins and lipids. Finally, the intestinal secretions convert the carbohydrates into glucose, proteins to amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Once the food is broken down into the simple particles, it is ready to be absorbed by the body. The villi, finger-like projections present on the walls of the small intestine, absorb the digested food by increasing the surface area. The absorbed food is then transported to different parts of the body through the blood vessels for cell activities.

Large Intestine: The large intestine is a long, thick tube which is about 1.5 meters long. The large intestine absorbs water and small amounts of nutrients from the undigested food with the help of many symbiotic bacteria residing in it. The remaining waste passes into the rectum, where it remains as semi-solid feces. Feces exit the body through the **** via time-to-time excretion. This process is called Digestion.

The golgi apparatus is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells. It  is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway. In this article we shall look at the structure and function of the golgi apparatus and its role in Wilson’s disease. Structure The golgi is made of 5-8 folds called cisternae. The cisternae contain specific enzymes creating five functional regions which modify proteins passing through them in a stereotypical way, as follows: Cis-Golgi network: faces the nucleus, forms a connection with the endoplasmic reticulum and is the entry point into the Golgi apparatus. Cis-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications. Medial-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications. Trans-Golgi: major processing area allowing biochemical modifications. Trans-Golgi network: exit point for vesicles budding off the Golgi surface, packages and sorts biochemicals into the vesicles according to their destination.

The golgi apparatus is a membrane bound organelle found in most cells. It is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion and therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway.

Its main function is the packaging and secretion of proteins. It receives proteins from Endoplasmic Reticulum. It packages it into membrane-bound vesicles, which are then transported to various destinations, such as lysosomes, plasma membrane or secretion. They also take part in the transport of lipids and the formation of lysosomes.

Post-translational modification and enzymatic processing occur near the membrane surface in Golgi bodies, e.g. phosphorylation, glycosylation, etc.

Golgi apparatus is the site for the synthesis of various glycolipids, sphingomyelin, etc.

In the plant cells, complex polysaccharides of the cell wall are synthesised in the Golgi apparatus.

Lewis symbols (also known as Lewis dot diagrams or electron dot diagrams) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of an atom. Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule

Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures) are diagrams that represent the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule. These Lewis symbols and Lewis structures help visualize the valence electrons of atoms and molecules, whether they exist as lone pairs or within bonds. The outermost central level of energy-containing electrons is called the level of valence and includes electrons of valence. Lewis symbols are diagrams showing the number of valence electrons of a specific element with dots indicating lone pairs.

Here X is Carbon , Y is Diamond in the form of Carbon which is the hardest natural substance and Z is Graphite in the form of Carbon which is a good conductor of electricity.

X is carbon Y is diamond , an allo trope of carbon which is known as hardest substance Z is graphite

X...... Carbon Y......diamond Z.......graphite

The non-metal X is carbon.The hardest natural substance y is diamond and Z which is a good conductor of electricity is graphite.

Ohm’s law states the relationship between electric current and potential difference. The current that flows through most conductors is directly proportional to the voltage applied to it. Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist was the first to verify Ohm’s law experimentally.

One of the most basic and important laws of electric circuits is Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature remain constant.

Ch-4 Pg:69-76 deleted

Biomagnification can be defined as the rise or increase in the contaminated substances caused by the intoxicating environment. The contaminants might be heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and pesticides such as polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT. These substances are taken up by the organisms through the food they consume. When the organisms in the higher food chain feed on the organisms in the lower food chain containing these toxins, these toxins get accumulated in the higher organisms.

Following are the effects of biomagnification on living organisms and the environment:

Impact on Human Health

Biomagnification makes humans more prone to cancer, kidney problems, liver failure, birth defects, respiratory disorders, and heart diseases.

Effects on Reproduction and Development of Marine Creatures

The toxic chemicals accumulate in the important organs of aquatic organisms that affect their reproduction and development processes.

For eg., the shells of the eggs of the sea-birds are very thin that might get crushed by the birds themselves during incubation. The toxic chemicals, mercury and selenium destroy the reproductive organs of aquatic creatures.

Destruction of Coral Reefs

Cyanide that is used in leaching gold and fishing is the main cause of the destruction of coral reefs. Coral reefs are the dwelling and feeding grounds for many sea creatures. Their destruction affects the lives of many aquatic animals.

Disruption of Food Chain

The chemicals and toxins which are released into the water bodies disrupt the food chain. The small organisms absorb the toxins which are eaten up by larger animals. These toxins, thus, get accumulated in the higher level of organisms.

What does forward slash mean in English?

All substances are made up of atoms, which have charged particles called electrons and protons. These charged particles have a negative and a positive charge respectively. Electricity in all forms is a result of this charge on the fundamental particles. Conduction of electricity is the movement of the charged particles in an organized manner resulting in a net movement of charge through the material. When charged particles move in an orderly fashion, we get an electric current.

Greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperatures will not increase indefinitely — today's carbon dioxide buildup and warming trend must eventually top out and then reverse as the atmosphere gradually recovers. The first stage of this process will occur when the rate at which we burn coal, oil, and natural gas levels off and then declines, either because we switch to alternative energy sources soon, or because we run out of affordable fossil fuels later. As a result, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will also eventually peak and then decline. This, in turn, will cause a series of linked environmental responses in which other currently rising trends reverse one by one in a "climate whiplash" phase that follows the lead of our carbon emissions. For example, as CO2 dissolves into the oceans, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which alters the chemistry of seawater and makes limestone, chalk, and other carbonate-rich substances more likely to dissolve. Ocean acidification will peak shortly after atmospheric CO2 concentrations do, threatening marine species that have acid-soluble carbonate shells or skeletons, including corals, shellfish, and crustacean

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Without trees, formerly forested areas would become drier and more prone to extreme droughts. When rain did come, flooding would be disastrous. Massive erosion would impact oceans, smothering coral reefs and other marine habitats.

Metal + dilute acid > salt + water

When an acid is treated with a metal oxide, a salt and water are obtained.
The general reaction can be written as follows:

Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + Water
 
For example, when a small amount of copper oxide is added to sulphuric acid,  colour of the solution becomes blue and the copper oxide dissolves. The blue colour of the solution indicates the formation of copper (II) sulphate.

The reaction taking place can be written as follows:
CuO(s) +  H₂SO₄(aq) → CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)

When light ray incident on the glass surface it gets refracted with some particular angle this is call angle of Refraction this can be found by using Snell law. When light ray comes out from glass it is called emergent ray and at this point I point it also get refracted by same angle as it was initially refracted.

Several studies show that stigma usually arises from lack of awareness, lack of education, lack of perception, and the nature and complications of the mental illness, for example odd behaviours and violence (Arboleda-Florez, 2002[5]).

Female part of flower

Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.

Neuron are building block of the nervous system. They recive and transmitted signal to different part of the body.

Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. They receive and transmit signals to different parts of the body. This is carried out in both physical and electrical forms. There are several different types of neurons that facilitate the transmission of information.

The sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells present throughout the body to the brain. Whereas, the motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles. The interneurons transmit information between different neurons in the body.

Explain with figure ( angles with rotating telescope)

A theodolite works by combining optical plummets (or plumb bobs), a spirit (bubble level), and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal angles in surveying. An optical plummet ensures the theodolite is placed as close to exactly vertical above the survey point. The internal spirit level makes sure the device is level to to the horizon. The graduated circles, one vertical and one horizontal, allow the user to actually survey for angles.

Aqaous NaCl

Brine is an solution of Nacl + H20

Brine, salt water, particularly a highly concentrated water solution of common salt (sodium chloride). Natural brines occur underground, in salt lakes, or as seawater and are commercially important sources of common salt and other salts, such as chlorides and sulfates of magnesium and potassium.

Brine, salt water, particularly a highly concentrated water solution of common salt (sodium chloride). Natural brines occur underground, in salt lakes, or as seawater and are commercially important sources of common salt and other salts, such as chlorides and sulfates of magnesium and potassium.

*** Determination For males, secondary characteristics include facial and chest hair, increased body hair, pelvic build (lack of rounded hips), upper body muscular build, and the ability to generate muscle mass at a faster rate than the female.

Secondary Sexual Characters in males:

(i) Appearance of facial hair (beard and moustache)

(ii) Pubic hair grows over the reproductive organs.

(iii) Pitch of the voice change

(iv) Increased development of musculature.

Zinc sulphate is formed and copper is deposited this kind of reaction is called displacement reaction

When zinc is added to copper sulphate solution it goes under dispalcement reaction and zinc displaces copper from its salt solutions and form zinc sulphate and black ⚫precipate of copper

When zinc metal is added to copper sulphate solution, the colour of CuSO₄ solution disappears and colourless zinc sulphate solution is formed. Solid brown copper is deposited as it displaces by Zn.

f=2m and Power=1/2D=0.5D

F=2m Power=1/-2=.5d

0.5F

Focal length of concave lens, f = 2 m
Power of lens, P= 1/f = 1/(-2)= -0.5D

No

Nhi

Gene flow is the transfer of gene from one generation to other

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In population genetics, gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent allele frequencies and therefore can be considered a single effective population.

The movement and exchange ofgenes or alleles from one population of species to another. Supplement. Gene flow is a concept in population genetics to refer to the movement of genes or alleles between interbreeding populations of a particular species

Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another population. Examples of this include a bee carrying pollen from one flower population to another, or a caribou from one herd mating with members of another herd.

Wilhelm Roentgen

Wilhelm Roentgen

Wilhelm Roentgen

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x ray ...

Wilhelm Roentgen

Hence, potassium ferrocyanide is stored in dark coloured bottles and kept away from sunlight to prevent its decomposition.

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R/2=F

As because sodium is a very reactive metal as it reacts with the oxygen present in the air and can catch fire easily.

Pagal ye nahii pata haii

When it will comes in open surrounding then it will react

BECAUSE SODIUM IS A VERY REACTIVE ELEMENT IT CATCHES FIRE WHEN KEPT IN OPEN

Minimum two rays are required for locating the image formed by a concave mirror for an object. Ray diagram for the formation of a virtual image by a concave mirror: 

Minimum two rays are required for locating the image formed by a concave mirror for an object.

Ray diagram for the formation of a virtual image by a concave mirror:

One

Two rays