The total addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period is termed as Gross Investment. Capital stock consists of fixed assets and unsold stock. So, gross investment is the expenditure on purchase of fixed assets and unsold stock during the accounting year.

However, gross investment does not indicate the actual change in economy’s stock of productive assets for a given year. During the production process, some amount of fixed capital is used up. This loss of fixed capital is known as depreciation. By subtracting depreciation from gross investment, we get Net Investment.

Net Investment:

The actual addition made to the capital stock of economy in a given period is termed as Net Investment.

Net Investment = Gross Investment – Depreciation

Joe Biden elected 46th President of the United States

Lenz’s law states that : The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that original flux is maintained through the loop when current flows in it.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Following are the disadvantages of Verbal Communication:
➨Emotions are visible and hence leads to trouble in certain cases. 
➨It has no legal validity and hence will lead to problems in certain situations. 
➨It does not provide permanent record unless it is recorded with modern means of storage. 
➨It has issues when communicating with distant people. 
➨It is difficult for certain people to understand speech due to various speech tones used in verbal communication. 
➨This form of communication is not suitable for lengthy message.

There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both written as well as oral communication. These are as follows:

1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts required by the audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration the receiver’s mind set and convey the message accordingly.
2. Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e, communicating what you want to convey in least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness is a necessity for effective communication.
3. Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”. Effective communication must take the audience into consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their requirements, emotions as well as problems. Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their emotions are not at harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s needs while making your message complete. 
4. Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once.
5. Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and clear rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the confidence.
6. Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s expression as well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective and enthusiastic.
7. Correctness - Correctness in communication implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication.

They are the most obvious barriers to effective communication. These barriers are mostly easily removable in principle at least. They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication, closed cabins, etc. Sometimes, in a large office, the physical separation between various employees combined with faulty equipment may result in severe barriers to effective communication.

Cultural Barriers of Communication

As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have people from several parts of the world. Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour will change drastically from one culture to another.

Attitude Barriers

Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or just people who are not very social. Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy! Both these cases could become a barrier to communication. Some people have attitude issues, like huge ego and inconsiderate behaviours.

Perception Barriers

Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact which we must consider during the communication process. Knowledge of the perception levels of the audience is crucial to effective communication. All the messages or communique must be easy and clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified interpretational set.

Physiological Barriers

Certain disorders or diseases or other limitations could also prevent effective communication between the various channels of an organization. The shrillness of voice, dyslexia, etc are some examples of physiological barriers to effective communication. However, these are not crucial because they can easily be compensated and removed.

Verbal communication is any communication that uses words to share information with others. These words may be both spoken and written. 

On the basis of the communication channels, types of communications are:

1. Verbal
2. Non-Verbal
3. Visual

Verbal

This involves the use of language and words for the purpose of passing on the intended message. In general terms, Verbal Communication means communication in the form of spoken words only. But, in the context of types of communication, verbal communication can be in the spoken or the written form

Non-Verbal Communication

In this type of communication, messages are relayed without the transmission of words. The messages here are wordless messages. This form of communication mainly aides verbal communication. It supplements it with gestures, body language, symbols, and expressions.

Physical Non-verbal Communication

This is the sum total of the physically observable. For instance, hand gestures, body language, facial expressions, the tone of one’s voice, posture, stance, touch, gaze, and others. Several researchers have revealed that physical nonverbal communication constitutes about 55% of our daily communications.

The benefits of being a member country of the WTO is limited for developing countries like India, because :
(i) Major volume of international trade occurs between the developed countries. Thus, the benefit to developing nations is limited.
(ii) The developing economies are forced to open up their markets for the developed countries but are not allowed access to the markets of the developed countries.