30 April 1945

Secularism in India means equal treatment of all religions by the state. With the 42^nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. However, neither India's constitution nor its laws define the relationship between religion and state.India is a secular state because:-
(1) All religions are equally protected
(2) State has no religion of its own
(3) There will be no discrimination on grounds of religion or caste

1. An economic activity concerned with the production or purchase and sale merchandise and rendering of services with the purpose of earning profit is called business. A form of economic activities, wherein special skills, knowledge, and expertise is required to be applied by the person, in his occupation is known as the profession.
2. The primary objective of a business is to earn profit whereas profession is aimed at providing services.
3. A business can be established by the decision of the entrepreneur and after fulfilling certain legal formalities.Profession requires membership of the respective professional body and certificate of practice, for the establishment.
4. Any person can start his business; there is no minimum qualification to run a venture. On the contrary, specialised knowledge of study, training and expertise is the major requirement for the profession.
5. A business requires capital investment according to its size and nature. Unlike, profession whose capital requirement is limited.
6. A businessman gets profit as a return for the work done by him/her. Conversely, a professional gets a fee for the services rendered by him/her.
7. In business, there is no prescribed code of conduct. In profession, the code of conduct is prescribed by the professional bodies which must be followed.
8. In general, every business advertises its products and services, for the purpose of increasing sales. As against this, the advertisement is strictly prohibited as per professional code of conduct.
9. In business, transfer of interest is common, like transfer of business by the father to his son. In contrast to the profession, where transferability is not possible as it requires specialised skill and knowledge.
10. Business and risk go hand in hand, so the risk factor is always present in business. On the other end, the risk factor may or may not be present in a profession.

The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
Dates: 8 Mar 1917 – 7 Nov 1917.Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
By 1917 the bond between the tsar and most of the Russian people had been broken. Governmental corruption and inefficiency were rampant. The tsar’s reactionary policies, including the occasional dissolution of the Duma, or Russian parliament, the chief fruit of the 1905 revolution, had spread dissatisfaction even to moderate elements. The Russian Empire’s many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination.

Landless labourers have been defined as those who are basically unskilled, unorganised and who work in farms on wages for a larger part of the year. But when they do not get work in the villages some of them migrate outside their villages in search of work.

Election is a mechanism by which people can choose their leaders at regular intervals and change them according to their wish.

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. To elect means "to choose or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections.

In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the corresponding change in natural vegetation. As such, there is a succession of natural vegetation belts in the same order as we see from the tropical to the tundra region. The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts predominate. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar, are found. These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India. At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea-level, temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees of these forests. However, they get progressively stunted as they approach the snow-line. Ultimately through shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine grasslands. These are used extensively for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

I THINK ITS- July 14, 1789

1) Market activity involved those activities which are performed basically for the purpose of the sale in the market and that include profit. The main motive of doing such activities to earn money by selling the output in the market. Whereas non market activities are those activities primarily undertaken for the purpose of self consumption. This activity don't give profit as they are for self consumption.
2) It includes the production of goods and services including the government services whereas it neither for sale in the market nor for earning profit . This activity can't be for construction and processing of primary products for one's own use.
3) Example- a vegetable vendor selling vegetables, a shoemaker selling shoes. Whereas example- a farmer cultivate primarily for himself and his family and not for earning profit.