Karl Marx was a communist who introduced the concept of socialism.
Karl Marx’s Theory:

• He felt that the industrial society belonged to the capitalists.
• Capitalists owned the capital invested in industries, but the profit was produced by workers.
• He believed that the condition of workers would never improve, as long as profit is taken by the capitalists.
• Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalists’ exploitation, workers had to form a socialist society where all property was socially controlled.
• This would be a communist society.

Climate: The sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years) is called climate. The state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time is called weather.

Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and spent his youth in poverty. Hitler’s suicide on April 30, 1945 is usually perceived as the end.

(i) Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber became a more important goal.
(ii) The government realised that in order to meet this goal, the people who live near the forests must be involved.
(iii) In many cases, such as from Mizoram to Kerala, 'dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in 'sacred groves'.
(iv) Some villages have been patrolling their own forests, with each household taking it in turns, instead of leaving it to the forest guards.
(v) Local forest communities and environmentalists are thinking of different forms of forest management. Many movements like the Chipko Movement were started to save trees from the ruthless cutting down for commercial purposes.

• He promised to build a strong nation and undo the justice of Treaty of Versailles and restore the dignity of the German people.
• He promised employment for those looking for work.
• He promised to protect Germany from all foreign influences and secure his country’s future.

The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the following reasons—
(a) Miserable Condition of the Workers
(i) The industrial workers in Russia got very low wages.
(ii) They had very long working hours, sometimes upto 15 hours.
(iii) A large number of workers were unemployed,
(iv) The workers demanded higher wages and reduction in working hours but their demands were not met and they became dissatisfied.
(b) Miserable Condition of Peasants
(i) Most of the peasants were landless and very poor.
(ii) They also had to do free labour for the landlords.
(iii) The small farmers who possessed land had to pay high land revenue, leaving very less for them to survive on.
(iv) The landless farmers demanded that the land of the nobles should be given to them.
(v) They wanted reduction of land revenue.
(vi) However, their demands were not fulfilled and they too became dissatisfied.
(c) Russia's Defeat in the First World War
(i) Initially, the people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II; however Russian armies suffered defeats and a large number of soldiers were killed in the war.
(ii) The Russian population wanted to withdraw from the war, but the Tsar was not willing to do so. This turned the Russian people against him and encouraged them to revolt.
(d) Role of Philosophers like Karl Marx Karl Marx put forward the idea that the capitalists were responsible for the misery of the workers and that the condition of workers could only improve if the land and the industries were controlled by the society. He inspired the workers to oppose the landlords and the capitalists.
(e) Rasputin's Role The people were also against the policies of the monk named Rasputin.  

Unlike a monarchy, in a democracy the rulers are not free to do what they like. Certain basic rules have to be followed by the citizens and the government. These rules put together are called the Constitution. As the supreme law of the country, the constitution determines the rights of citizens, the powers of the government and how the government should function.

It was organised under the leadership of Stalin who became the leader of the party soon after the death of Vladimir Lenin. This plan was introduced in the year 1929. Under this system farms were collected together and done agriculture the bulk of the land and the tools were under the ownership of the cultivised farms. This system was introduced for decreasing the scarcity of food experienced in Russia in the year 1927-1928. The production didn't improve much. But the bad harvest of 1930-1933 made the situation worst. Some agitated farmers protested against it by distroying their farms and cattle they were either deported or exiled. Some farmers were allowed to cultivate indipendently but was treated unsymphathtically.

• The Duma or the elected Parliament for consultation was permitted by Tsar Nicholas 2 during his period.
• Political parties were bound with several rules and restrictions framed by him.
• Almost all trade Unions and the labour committees were banned and declared illegal.
• Although he showed a liberal mentality, he worked against his promises.

• There are certain issues which do not come under the purview of a country or even under a small group of countries. These issues are discussed and resolved at various international forums.
• United Nations is a world organization which makes convention on international law, security, global cooperation and social equality. The UN Secretary General is its chief administrative officer.
• Important issues on international security are discussed and resolved by the UN Security Council.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank lends money to governments as per the situation.
• These organizations are association of different countries. Initially, they came into origin because of initiative of the developed and powerful countries. The power equation in these organizations depends on the relative amount of fund received by a particular country. Since USA is the largest contributor of funds, hence it enjoys the maximum power. There are times when a decision made by the world bodies may not be democratic at all.
• The UN Security Council has 5 permanent members and 10 temporary members. The 10 temporary members are elected by the General Assembly for two year term. The permanent members enjoy veto power in the Security Council. There are many examples of misuse of veto power by the permanent members.
• The International Monetary Fund presents the same situation. More than 52% of its votes is contributed by 10 member countries, viz. US, Japan, Germany, France, UK, China, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Russia. The World Bank has a similar system of voting. The President of the World Bank has always been a US citizen and is nominated by the Treasury Secretary of the US government.

We live in India, the largest democracy in the world. This means that in India, there is a rule of the people, by the people and for the people. There are many important requirements for a country to truly be democratic and the most important is euqality for its citizens. This means that everybody is equal in the eyes of law, without any discrimination on grounds of race, religion, gender, caste, class or birth.