The Election Commission of India releases the guidelines to conduct free and fair election in the country. These guidelines give the overview to the political parties and candidates about what “do and don’t” before and during the election.

In other words, Model Code of Conduct is a set of instructions to be followed by both candidates in the fray and political parties contesting elections. The Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines and instructions on campaigning, general conduct and meetings etc. during elections. The Model Code of Conduct remains effective till the entire elections process is not completed.

The initiative in starting the insurrection in Bastar was taken by the Dhurwa tribals of the Kanger forest

Chiefs were appointed by the British so that the colonial British rulers could impose greater control on the Maasai people through these chiefs. These chiefs traditionally had responsibility for conducting religious and spiritual rituals. They were different from the pastoralists as their main responsibility was to conduct rituals and not graze cattle. Later, the chiefs became political and military leaders under the British.  

At the beginning of the 20th Century, 85 % of the Russian population was involved in agriculture. Moscow and St Petersburg had Industrialization. There were craftsmen and industry. Government governed the big scale industry to keep a look on working hours and wages.

Socialism in Russia: Socialist society was formed on 1898 and was illegal as per government rules and they wanted that peasants should handle the lands instead of noble and that was not done as peasants were not uninformed some were poor and some rich.

The 1865 Indian Forest Act asserted the monopoly of the British over the Indian forest land, and gave the government undisputable power to regulate the forest and pastures. But this Act had many drawbacks. So it was revised and new regulations for smooth functioning and scientific management of the Indian forests came into being, as the Indian Forest Act 1878. It was made applicable to the Reserve Forests, Protected Forests and Village Forests. These forests were constituted legally for the first time.

NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005) is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. The act was first proposed in 1991 by Narasimha Rao. In 2006, it was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 200 districts of India.

Hitler made the following promises:
(i) He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
(ii) He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.
(iii) He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.

1. The Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir
2. The Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh
3. The Gujjar cattle herders of Garhwal and Kumaon
4. Dhangars of Maharashtra.
5. The Gollas, Kurumas and Kurubas of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
6. The Banjaras of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra
7. The Raika of the Rajasthan desserts.

The Sunderban Delta is the world’s largest and the fastest growing delta. Filled by various tributaries, the river Ganga reaches West Bengal. This is the northernmost part of the Ganga Delta. From here, the Bhagirathi-Hooghly (a distributary) flows southwards towards the deltaic plains and the Bay of Bengal. The main stream flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by Brahmaputra, known as Meghna. This mighty river (with waters from Ganga and Brahmaputra) forms the deltaic plains and then flows into the Bay of Bengal. It derives its name from the Sundari tree which grows in marshland.

Land: Land directly and indirectly affects the natural vegetation. Nature of land influences the type of vegetation. If the land is level and fertile, it is mainly used for farming. If the land is uneven then grassland and woodlands develop over it.

Soil: Different types of soil are fit for different types of vegetation. For example; sandy soil is fit for cactus and thorny bushes, while wet and marshy soil is fit for mangrove vegetation.

CLIMATE

Temperature and Humidity: Temperature and humidity are the main factors which determine the character and extent of vegetation. An area with high temperature and high humidity supports evergreen forest, while an area with high temperature and low humidity supports thorny bushes.

Photoperiod (Sunlight): The duration of sunlight is called photoperiod. Photoperiod depends on latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Trees grow faster in summer because of longer photoperiod.

Precipitation: If an area gets heavy rainfall, it is suitable for the growth of dense vegetation. On the other hand, an area with scanty rainfall is suitable for thorny bushes.

82°30' E has been selected as theStandard Meridian of India because it is situated in the centre of all longitudes and latitudes in which our country is located. 82 degree 30minutes is selected as standard meridian because it lies almost in center of the india.

a. The country provides for smooth and legitimate transformation from one government to another by means of electoral competition. Elections are held after every five years allowing parties as the representative of people’s interest to compete for power and govern the country.
b. The elections to Lok Sabha , to elect the Parliament comprises of number of steps  like  Making of voters' list,  announcing election schedule, filing nomination by the candidates,  releasing  of election manifestos by the parties , election campaign,  casting of votes on the polling day ,  counting of votes, declaration of election results.
c. In India, there is an independent election commission to ensure free and fair elections in India.

People living below a poverty line don't have enough to meet their basic needs. Countries typically define national poverty lines, and we use the lines of a group of the poorest countries to define the international extreme poverty line of $1.90 per day.

Following are five important causes for the rise of Nazism:

Humiliating Treaty of Versailles - The terms of the Versailles Treaty were seen as completely humiliating and the Germans blamed the political leadership of the Weimar Republic for the humiliation. This widespread resentment and humiliation was harnessed by Hitler to gain political mileage. He exhorted the Germans to throw the Treaty into the waste-paper basket, rebuild the German empire, recapture lost colonies and avenge the humiliation faced by Germany.

Growing Fear of Communism - After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Communist influence in Germany also increased. Theyorganised themselves politically and succeeded in winning several seats in the Reichstag. Hitler was a staunch anti-Communist and raised the bogey that if Communists came to power they would follow the diktats of their Russian comrades blindly.

Economic Crisis - As a result of the harsh terms of the Versailles Treaty, Germany had to suffer in agricultural production, colonies, foreign investments, trade contracts, etc. Foreign countries raised tariff against German goods, unemployment and debt of the peasantry increased to such an extent that in June 1931, it went upto 300 million dollars. Hitler promised farmers that he would pardon their debt and promised the capitalists that there would be nonationalisation of industries. The Nazis in general assured the people that if they supported Nazism, all their problems would vanish.

Resurgence of Militant Nationalism - The Germans could not reconcile with the intricacies of the democratic parliamentary system and preferred prestige and glory over liberty and freedom. They felt that only a strong man could restore the past prestige of Germany and check Communism.

Absence of Strong Opposition - The rise of the Nazi party can be partly blamed on the absence of any strong opposition group or political party. As a result, the Nazi Party didn’t have any serious political opposition and nobody could check the rise in its popularity.

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">Vulnerability is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain communities of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years.</font></font></font></font>

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">The proportion of people below poverty line is not same for all social groups and economic categories in India.</font></font></font></font>

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty :</font></font></font></font>

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.</font></font></font></font>

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">Rural agricultural labour households .</font></font></font></font>

<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;"><font size="3"><font style="box-sizing: inherit; outline: none; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;">Urban casual labour households .</font></font></font></font>

There are many important factors for the existence and increase in poverty.
One of the historical causes is the exploitative colonial rule over many centuries. The British rule in India for over two hundred years exploited all the resources of the country and did not believe in introducing development programmes. The colonial rulers destroyed traditional arts and crafts and their revenue policies were also regressive and also oppressive.
The indigenous industries like textiles were not encouraged and in fact the colonial policies led to the decay of the Indian textile industries. This led to an increase in unemployment of especially the migrant population.
Enough importance was not given to population control, education and health thus increasing poverty. The two-pronged effect of lack of development and exploitation of resources by the British caused very high levels of poverty which is still a very great challenge to India.

A phenomenon related with the monsoon is its tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. It refers to wet and dry spells. In other words, the monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. These breaks in monsoon due to the movement of the monsoon trough.

(i) Social Groups: The social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households. Although the average for people below poverty line for all groups in India is 30, 48 out of 100 people belonging to scheduled tribes in rural areas are not able to meet their basic needs.
(ii) Economic groups : Similarly among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and the urban casual labour households.
(iii) Inequality with in family :
Apart from these social groups, there is also inequality of incomes within a family. In poor families all suffer, but some suffer more than others. Women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.
Therefore women, children (especially the girl child) and old people are poorest of the poor.

Latitude: The Indian landmass is equally divided by The Tropic of Cancer. Hence, half of India has tropical climate and another half has subtropical climate.

Altitude: While the average elevation in the coastal areas is about 30 metre, the average elevation in the north is about 6,000 metre. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the Indian subcontinent. Due to this, the subcontinent gets comparatively milder winters as compared to Central Asia.

Pressure and Winds: The Indian subcontinent lies in the region of north-easterly winds. These winds originate from the subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere. After that, these winds blow towards south. They get deflected to the right due to the Coriolis force and then move towards the low pressure area near the equator.