The Prime Minister is the leader of the Indian Union Council of Ministers. The President appoints these ministers on the basis of the advice of the Prime Minister. All members of the Union Council of Ministers are necessarily members of the Parliament. In case someone is not a member of the Parliament at the time of appointment, then he/she must get elected to one of the houses of the Parliament within six months of appointment as a minister. Council of Ministers is the body of all the ministers who are a part of the government. It includes (1) Cabinet Ministers – They are the highest ranking ministers. They are usually the top-level leaders of the ruling party. All the major policy decisions are taken by the cabinet on behalf of the government. (2) Ministers of State with independent charge – They are in charge of small ministries. They can attend the cabinet meetings only when invited. (3) Minister of State – They assist the Cabinet Ministers in the working of their ministers.

In a democracy, it is quite obvious to leave any political party and candidates free to conduct an election campaign. But at the same time, it also becomes necessary to regulate campaign in such a way that every political party and candidate gets a fair and equal chance to compete.
According to the laws made on election procedure, no party or candidate can:

1. Bribe or threaten voters to vote for a particular candidate of a political party.
2. Use a place of worship or appeal to the voters to vote in the name of religion or caste.
3. Spend more than Rs. 25 lakh in a constituency for the election to the Lok Sabha and Rs. 10 lakh in a constituency for any Assembly election.
4. Once elections are announced, no minister is allowed to lay the foundation stone of any project or take a decision on any policy of the government.

The Indian Parliament is a bicameral legislature. It consists of two houses: Rajya Sabha which is the upper chamber of the Parliament and Lok Sabha which is the lower chamber of the parliament.

The powers and functions can be classified into the following categories:

1.Legislative powers and functions:

The primary function of Parliament is law-making. Lok Sabha plays an important part here. It can pass bills concerning the Union and Concurrent list. No bill can be made into law unless it has been passed by the Parliament.

2. Executive powers and functions:

Executive powers are needed in the process of implementing acts and policies in Parliament. The Parliament can remove the Cabinet out of power. 

3. Financial powers and functions:

Parliament enjoys supreme authority in financial matters. It includes enactment of the budget, examining the performance of government concerning financial spending through financial committees.

4. Judicial powers and functions:

It includes impeachment of the President for violation of the constitution, removal of judges of the supreme and high court, removal of vice-president, and punishment of its members or outsiders for breach of privileges. 

5. Electoral powers and functions:

All Parliament members participate in the election of President and Vice-President. The members of Lok Sabha elect its speaker and deputy speaker from among its members. The Rajya Sabha elects its Deputy Chairman. 

6. Constituent powers and functions:

Parliament is empowered to initiate a proposal for the amendment of the constitution. A bill for the amendment initiated in either House of the Parliament.

Note: India has a parliamentary system of government. The functions and powers of the Indian Parliament are mentioned in the Indian Constitution in Chapter II of Part V. The laws framed by the Parliament are enforced in the whole country. The Parliament is the highest-ranking legislative body in the country.

Once in power, the Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating a racial society of 'pure and healthy Nordic Aryans.
They were alone considered 'desirables'. (i) The Jews were the worst sufferer in Nazi Germany. The Nazi hatred of the Jews was rooted in the traditional Christian hostility towards them. They had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers. (ii) In Nazi Germany, they lived in separately marked areas called ghettos. They were often persecuted through periodic organised violence and expulsion from the land. (iii)) From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave Germany. (iv) Hitler believed that 'the Jewish problem' could be solved only through total elimination. As a result they were largely killed gas chambers. As many as 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, what was known as 'genocidal war'?

As a schoolchild in Nazi Germany: Since I was three years old I have been conditioned to behave in a particular manner. I was told that men's and women's roles in life were totally different. Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine, and steel hearted, while the girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. The girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home, and teach their children Nazi values. I have been told that after finishing school, I will join the Hitler Youth Organisation. This will be followed by compulsory military service.

(i) The PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument of government policy over the years in stabilizing prices and making food available to consumers at affordable prices.
(ii) It has been instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones.
(iii) The system, including the minimum support price and procurement has contributed to an increase in food grain production and provided income security to farmers in certain regions.
(iv) It has minimized hoarding and black marketing.

A. The most remarkable feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and northwest.
B. The low pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia moving in India along with the westerly flow.
C. They causes the much needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.
D. Although the total amount of winter rainfall locally known as ‘mahawat’ is small, they are of immense importance for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.