There is an external force of friction between the tyres and the road and in the axles of the bicycle acting which stops the cycle.

According to Newton's first law, the only time the bicycle would stop, is if it is acted upon by an external force. This is the exact case that happens to make the bicycle to come to a stop. The external force in this case is the friction between the bicycle and the ground. The force of friction gradually reduces the moving force until it gets to zero and the bicycle stops moving.

I need this explanation along with the diagram, like if the meristematic tissues and there types explanation is given then along with that ,diagram should be there like this all those topics diagram should be there.

To change Kelvin to Celsius, subtract 273.15 from the given value. So, 398 K = (398 - 273.15) C = 124.85°C

398K-273K=125°C

398k-273k= 125°c

Gram molecular mass of glucose = 180g

mass of glucose=10×2×10^23/6.03×1023

• =5697.7

 

Brass is a mixture and not a compound because in compound the elements should be in definite proportions and the elements are chemically bonded to each other.
Whereas in brass the two elements Zn & Cu are not in definite proportions (they can mix in any ratio) & there is no chemical bonding between them.

 

Homogeneous mixture	Heterogeneous mixture
(I) Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition throughout the mixture. (II) The whole mixture is in same phase. (III) Components are not visible to the naked eye. (IV) Components cannot be separated easily. Eg.: Sugar + Water → Sugar solution	(I) Heterogeneous mixture have composition which may vary from point to point. (II) Substances can be of two phases and layers may separate. (III) Component of mixture can be seen easily. (IV) Components can be separated easily. Eg.: Salt + Sand

Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile. Examples are Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt), Lead (Pb), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) etc.

Metals are the elements which form positive ions by losing electrons. Thus, metals are known as Electropositive Elements.

Non-metals are the elements that do not conduct electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile.
Examples: Carbon (C), Sulphur (S), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Neon (Ne) and Argon (Ar) etc.
Non-metals are the elements which form negative ions by gaining an electron. Thus, non¬metals are also known as Electronegative Elements.

Metalloids are elements which show some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. Examples: Silicon, boron, arsenic, antimony, germanium, tellurium, polonium

A mixture consists of two or more different kinds of particles or two or more pure substances mixed together but not chemically bound. Sugar solution is a mixture because it can be separated into its constituents by physical processes (like evaporation), andit shows properties of both sugar and water.

A mixture consists of two or more different kinds of particles or two or more pure substances mixed together but not chemically bound. Sugar solution is a mixture because

1. it can be separated into its constituents by physical processes (like evaporation), and
2. it shows properties of both sugar and water.

Compounds

Compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined chemically in a definite ratio.

Characteristics:

     1.  The properties of compound differ from those of its constituents.

     2.  Compound has fixed melting point and boiling point.

     3.  Compound is a homogeneous substance.

     4.  Constituent elements can be separated by chemical process.

70%

The process by which we have to separate butter from curd is called centrifugation

By the process of centrifugation

Centrifugation

Butter is separated from curd through the process of Centrifugation.

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Subtract 270 from the given Kelvin scale

Two most widely used temperature measurement scales in the thermometer industry are the Kelvin and Celsius scale. The value of one degree on the Kelvin scale is identical to the value of one degree on the Celsius scale that is the temperature differential or change is identical on both scales.

The relation can be used to convert Celsius into Kelvin:

Celsius = (Kelvin – 273.15)

0r

Kelvin = (Celsius + 273.15)

293 -273 = 20°c

Increase

Increases

An element is a substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substance , by the usual chemical method ( like :- heat, light or electric energy FOR EXAMPLE:- Iron, gold, silver , sodium etc Elements are further. Grouped into the following three categories 1) metal 2) Non metal 3) metalloids

Elements – Elements constitute the simplest chemical substances in which all the atoms are exactly the same.
Although an element’s atoms have the same number of protons, they can have different numbers of neutrons and hence different masses.

• Centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structures called centrioles.
• Both the centrioles in a centrosome lie perpendicular to each other.
• Each centriole is made up of nine evenly spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin.
• The central part of the centriole is also proteinaceous and called the hub, which is connected with tubules of the peripheral triplets by radial spokes made of protein.
• The centrioles form the basal body of cilia or flagella, and spindle fibres that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cells.

Centriole is an organelle, cylindrical in shape, that is composed of a protein called tubulin.
All animal cells have two centrioles. They help the cell during cell division. They work during the process of mitosis and meiosis. They could be found in some lower plants such as Chlamydomonas, although they are not present in many of the fungi, angiosperms (flowering plants) and pinophyta (conifers). They are usually present near the nucleus but are not visible when the cell is not dividing.

Plasma

• Plasma is a mixture of free electrons and ions. Plasma occurs naturally in the stars (including the sun).
• Inside the stars, the temperature is so high that the atoms break up. Some of the electrons break away from the atoms converting the rest of atoms into electrically charged particles called ions. This mixture of free electrons and ions in a star is called plasma.
• The sun and other stars glow because of the presence of plasma in them.
• Plasma can also be made on the earth by passing electricity through gases at very low pressure taking in a glass tube. The fluorescent tubes and neon sign bulbs form plasma when they are switched on.

Bose- Einstein Condensate

• In 1920 Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose had done some calculations for a fifth state of matter. Building on it calculations, Albert Einstein predicted a new state of matter- the Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC).
• The BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density (about one –hundred- thousandth the density of normal air) to super low temperature.

Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate(BEC): fourth and fifth sate of matter

Plasma and BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate) are considered as states of matter other than solid, liquid and gas. These are known as fourth and fifth states of matter.

Plasma: It is considered as the fourth state of matter. Plasma is similar to the gas. Particles of plasma are made of free electrons and ions.

Plasma does not have a definite shape or a definite volume unless enclosed in a container.

Plasma may be defined as an electrically neutral medium of positive and negative particles.

Plasma is one of the most commonly occurring states of matter in universe. Plasma occurs naturally in the stars. All stars are made of plasma. Because of the presence of plasma stars glow. Plasma is formed because of nuclear fusion in stars. Our sun glows because of presence of plasma.

Plasma TV got its name because of presence of plasma in it. Plasma is also found in fluorescent light or neon sign. Plasma is formed when electricity is passed in a fluorescent tube or neon sign, which makes them glow.

Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

It may be considered as fifth state of matter. Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein were predicted about this state of matters, that’s why it got its name as Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).

Plasma and BEC are has opposite characters. Plasma is a super hot and super excited atom while Condensate has super cool and super unexcited atoms.

BEC has been obtained by cooling the vapor of rubidium-87 at super low temperature by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman on June 5 1995. After sometimes Wolfgang Ketterle also obtained BEC from sodium-23 at MIT, USA. Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle got Nobel Prize in Physics for this achievement in 2001.

When we understand a topic and when we concentrate on it .We can learn it,even it is that much hard. U can also take notes,teach it parents and friends because when we teach to others it registers in our mind.

Lignin is a component of the secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exists- fibres and sclereids. Their walls consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation.

It act as a cementing material

Stone Cells   or sclereids, plant cells with considerably thickened, stratified, lignified, sometimes suberized or cutinized walls frequently saturated with calcium salts or silica and pierced by pore canaliculi. Mature stone cells have no live contents. Stone cells solidify tissues. The commonest are short stone cells, or brachysclereids, which are arranged in groups, or concretions, in fruit pith (pear, quince, chokeberry), rhizomes (peony, anemone), roots (horseradish), and phloem (oak, beech); less commonly, they form solid layers in the pericarp of nuts and acorns and cherry and plum pits. Elongated stone cells, or mac-rosclereids, usually form a solid layer in the seed coat (bean). Solitary stone cells, or idioblasts, are usually star-shaped (as-terosclereids) and found in fir bark, yellow water lily stems, and petioles; others extend from the top to bottom pellicle of a leaf, thereby making it tougher (tea, camellia).

Sclereids are also known as stone cells are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells. It has highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants.

• In case of aquatic plants, parenchyma is modified into aerenchyma.
• Aerenchyma is the tissues having large air cavities which provides buoyancy to the plants and help them to float.

It is type of simple permanent tissue which is found in aquatic plants.In aquatic plants,large air cavities are present in parenchyma to help them float.

Collenchyma	Sclerenchyma
Cells have thin cells walls.	Cells have thick lignified cell walls.
It is in the form of oval, spherical or polygonal cells.	It is in the form of sclereids and fibres.
The cells are alive.	The cells are dead.
It provides mechanical support to the young growing parts of the plant.	It gives mechanical support to the plant organs.

Parenchyma Cells	Collenchyma Cells
Originate from ground and protoderm meristems	Originate from pro-cambium. Epidermal layer of plants are composed of collenchyma cells
Found in every delicate plant part	Specifically found in leaves, stems and petioles
Living and unspecialized cells	Living and specialized cells
Isodiametric generally, may vary in shape	Elongated cells

Invitro fertilisation

In vitro fertilization is the most commonly used assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In vitro fertilization, as its name-fertilization is done by fusing ova from female donor and sperm from the male donor outside the body under strict laboratory conditions. This results in a zygote or famously known as test tube baby. After the embryo culturing, an embryo is transferred to the uterus of the mother. This method is commonly done in case of women with damaged or clogged Fallopian tubes.

In healthy women fertilisation of egg by sperm take place in the oviduct or fallopian tube.The oviduct of some women are blocked due to some reason.Such women cannot produce babies in the normal way because the eggs released by their ovary cannot meet the sperm and get fertilised in the oviduct. Such women who cannot produce babies are called sterile.Even the sterile women can have women by using the in-vitro fertilisation technique. The fertilisation of an egg with sperm is carried out in a glass dish or glass tube rather than in the body of a woman.This is commonly known as test-tube baby technique or IVF.

Evaporation helps to dry up our cloths after washing them . Evaporation is a heat which is less than 100° C but it changes the water into water vapour. Separating of salt from sea water is done by the process called evaporation . But that matter should be in spacious form ex, if you keep your cloths to dry so you don't keep is string you have to spread the cloth and keep it . Even the rain cause by evaporation because the sea water evaporates and become cloud and cloud starts condensation and it rains , as it is raining over here out of my house .

It can cause rain, And other examples of evaporation are- 1.after a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof because the large latent heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface. 2.during summer, we perspire(फसिने) more because of which mechanism of our body which keeps us cool. 3.sea breeze and land breeze occur . So, plz ????try to read cbse book then you can find out more examples and understand fast???.

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