Decantation

A separatory funnel, also known as a separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities

Although the gravitational force the Earth exerts on the objects is different, their masses are just as different, so the effect we observe (acceleration) is the same for each. The Earth's gravitational force accelerates objects when they fall. It constantly pulls, and the objects constantly speed up

“Reproduction is the process of producing offsprings that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism.”  Reproduction means to reproduce. It is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the organism. Reproduction enables and ensures the continuity of species, generation after generation. It is the main feature of life on earth.

Binomial Nomenclature Rules

• The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or underlined when handwritten).
• The genus name is always written first.
• The genus name must be capitalized.
• The specific epithet is never capitalized.

Animals in Vertebrata are classified into five classes:
(i) Class Pisces: This class includes fish such as Scoliodon, tuna, rohu, shark, etc. These animals mostly live in water. Hence, they have special adaptive features such as a streamlined body, presence of a tail for movement, gills, etc. to live in water.
(ii) Class Amphibia: It includes frogs, toads, and salamanders. These animals have a dual mode of life. In the larval stage, the respiratory organs are gills, but in the adult stage, respiration occurs through the lungs or skin. They lay eggs in water.
(iii) Class Reptilia: It includes reptiles such as lizards, snakes, turtles, etc. They usually creep or crawl on land. The body of a reptile is covered with dry and cornified skin to prevent water loss. They lay eggs on land.
(iv) Class Aves: It includes all birds such as sparrow, pigeon, crow, etc. Most of them have feathers. Their forelimbs are modified into wings for flight, while hind limbs are modified for walking and clasping. They lay eggs.

(v) Class Mammalia: It includes a variety of animals which have milk producing glands to nourish their young ones. Some lay eggs and some give birth to young ones. Their skin has hair as well as sweat glands to regulate their body temperature.

Distillation refers to the selective boiling and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture. It is a separation technique that can be used to either increase the concentration of a particular component in the mixture or to obtain (almost) pure components from the mixture. The process of distillation exploits the difference in the boiling points of the components in the liquid mixture by forcing one of them into a gaseous state.
Some important applications of distillation are listed below.

• Distillation plays an important role in many water purification techniques. Many desalination plants incorporate this method in order to obtain drinking water from seawater.
• Distilled water has numerous applications, such as in lead-acid batteries and low-volume humidifiers.
• Many fermented products such as alcoholic beverages are purified with the help of this method.
• Many perfumes and food flavorings are obtained from herbs and plants via distillation.
• Oil stabilization is an important type of distillation that reduces the vapor pressure of the crude oil, enabling safe storage and transportation.

It is used to separate a mixture of two immiscible liquids, like oil and water.
Principle of Separating funnel : When a mixture of two immiscible liquids is kept in a separating funnel, the liquids separate out in layers depending on their densities with the heavier forming the top layer.

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Fertiliser	Manure
It may be an artificial or natural substance.	It is a natural substance.
These are chemicals that are added to the soil to increase its fertility and productivity.	These are obtained from dead and decaying plants and animals.
Prepared in factories.	Prepared in fields.
Does not provide humus to the soil.	Provides humus to the soil.
Rich in plant nutrients.	Less rich in plant nutrients.
Absorbed by plants quickly.	Absorbed by plants slowly.
Costly	Comparatively cheaper and cost-effective
It harms the organisms present in the soil and also causes health issues in people consuming the crop.	It causes no harm to the organisms and improves soil quality.

Manure is organic while fertilizer is not organic It's class 8 Ques

Centrifugation is the the process of separation of of colloidal particles from solution.

it is the process that separates two immiscible mixture

Centrifugation is the process that uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids in a mixture. In this process, denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis and lighter component migrates towards the axis.

Centrifugation is the technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to separate particles From a solution according to their size , shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. Centrifugation of protein solutuon, for example, allows elimination of impurities into the supernatent.

Centrifugation is the process that uses centrifugal force for the separation of two liquids in a mixture. In this process, denser component of the mixture migrates away from the axis and lighter component migrates towards the axis.

Co2 moves in and out of the cells by the process of diffusion which involves the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration across the cell membrane.

Please give me a short answer

The substances like CO2  and water move in and out of a cell by diffusion 

Diffusion is a physical process in which the substance or molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration. This process occurs in all three states of matter – gases, liquids, or solids and is found fastest in gases when compared to liquids and solids. 

Diffusion is one of the important process and essential activity in human organs. Listed below are a few examples of the diffusion process in the living system.

• Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in the lungs. 
• Movement of water, salts, and waste products in the kidneys.
• Movement of calcium from food into cells occurs in the intestines. 
• Movement of the molecules during various metabolic or cellular processes.

1: The molar mass of iron is 55.845 g/mol. Therefore, the number of moles of iron in the pure sample weighing 558.45 grams is: = 10 moles.

Permanent tissues are a group of living or dead cells which are formed by meristematic tissues that have lost their ability to divide. ... a) Parenchyma- are unspecialised living cells which have thin cell walls and are loosely packed so that the intercellular spaces are found between cells of this tissue.

The tissues made after division of meristematic cells are called permanent tissue.There are two types of permanent tissues

Velocity : It is the speed of the body in given direction. Velocity = displacement ÷ time. For non uniform motion on a given line , average velocity will be calculated as same way as done in average speed. Average velocity=total displacement ÷ total time taken. For uniformly changing velocity, average velocity will be (v-c)÷t . Where, v = final velocity U = initial velocity.

The meaning of velocity of an object can be defined as the rate of change of the object’s position with respect to a frame of reference and time. It might sound complicated but velocity is basically speeding in a specific direction. It is a vector quantity, which means we need both magnitude (speed) and direction to define velocity. The SI unit of it is meter per second (ms-1) if there is a change in magnitude or the direction in the velocity of a body the body is said to be accelerating.

• Velocity: Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a definite direction.
• The SI unit of velocity is also metre per second.
• Velocity is a vector quantity; it has both magnitude and direction.

• In most cases, objects will be in non-uniform motion. Therefore, we describe the rate of motion of such objects in terms of ‘average’.

Which practical

Thanks

The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties. In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by many different factors (temperature, supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms or molecules arrange in a defined and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure — note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms or molecules, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure. The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process occurring in equilibrium where solute molecules or atoms precipitate out of solution, and dissolve back into solution. Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, dictating crystal size. Many compounds have the ability to crystallize with some having different crystal structures, a phenomenon called polymorphism. Certain polymorphs may be metastable, meaning that although it is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, it is kinetically stable and requires some input of energy to initiate a transformation to the equilibrium phase. Each polymorph is in fact a different thermodynamic solid state and crystal polymorphs of the same compound exhibit different physical properties, such as dissolution rate, shape (angles between facets and facet growth rates), melting point, etc. For this reason, polymorphism is of major importance in industrial manufacture of crystalline products. Additionally, crystal phases can sometimes be interconverted by varying factors such as temperature, such as in the transformation of anatase to rutile phases of titanium dioxide.

The law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Revision Notes on Matter in Our Surroundings What is Matter? Air, water, stones, sand, clouds, pencils, books – Everything is made up of matter. Matter is everything in this universe that occupies space and has mass. Constituents of Matter According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is made of five basic elements called the Panchtatava – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire. Therefore, matter is a composition of these five constituents. Physical Nature of Matter Is matter continuous or particulate? Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can see in the microscopic image of a cube above.  For Example, If we put a drop of red color in water the color of the water turns red. This happens because the particles of red color mix with the particles of water. What is the size of these particles?   The size of the particles of matter is very small. They can be broken into further particles as well. For Example, On dilution of a colorful solution, as shown in the figure below, we can still see the color. This means there are millions of particles present in the color which just divide themselves on dilution. Which of these is matter – happiness, air, sandwich, thoughts, juice, and eraser? Air, sandwich, juice, and eraser as they have mass, they occupy space and can be broken into further particles. Characteristics of Particles of Matter Particles of matter have three characteristics: 1. Particles of matter have spaces between them 2. Particles of matter are moving all the time 3. Particles of matter attract each other Particles of Matter have spaces between them Have you ever wondered what causes salt to get dissolved in water? Salt gets dissolved in water because their particles have spaces between them. The particles of the salt get in between the spaces between the particles of water and a mixture is formed. We cannot see these particles through naked eyes. Particles of Matter are continuously moving Particles are continuously moving Particles of matter are in motion all the time. Hence, they possess kinetic energy. Kinetic Energy – Energy due to motion The particles of a matter intermix on their own with other particles of a matter. For Example, Salt in water, Various gases in the air, Ink in water. Diffusion – The process of mixing two different types of particles together is called diffusion. Diffusion becomes faster on heating. The kinetic energy of particles also increases on heating. Particles of Matter attract each other The particles of matter are always held together because of a force of attraction between them. The amount of this force between the particles varies in different forms of matter, as shown in the figure below: Solids have the highest force of attraction. That is why we cannot move our hands through a solid object. The particles are so tightly bound. Similarly, particles of gases have the least force of attraction in them. We can move our hands easily in the air, can’t we? This is because the particles of air are loosely bound. We can arrange the force of attraction between different types of matter (solids, liquids, and gases) in increasing order as: We can also move our hands through water or liquid matter but not as freely as we can in the air. This means that they are also loosely bound to some extent. Gas < Liquid < Solids States of Matter Now we know that particles of matter have a force of attraction between them. Based on this criterion, we can say that matter is present in three different states: solid state, liquid state, and gaseous state. The Solid State Solids are the objects that have these three properties: They have a specific shape. They have distinct boundaries. They have a volume. There is less kinetic energy among the particles in solids. They are generally arranged in an order. Thus they possess a fixed shape. They cannot be compressed. The force of attraction is the maximum among the particles of solids. There is not much space between the particles. Therefore, they cannot be compressed. Which of these are solids: Rubber band, Sponge, Salt? All of them are solids. All of these follow the properties of solids. A rubber band and sponge change their shape only when we apply force on to them. It might appear to you as if salt is taking the shape of the container in which you put it but actually each of its grain has its own definite shape. The Liquid State Liquids have the following properties: Liquids have a fixed volume Liquids do not have a fixed shape. The force of attraction in liquid particles is less than solids. Therefore, there is a space between the particles of liquids and they can flow easily. They cannot be compressed. That is why they are also called fluids. Particles of liquids arrange each other is not fixed. You might have seen that liquids take the shape of the container in which we put them. This is because the particles of liquids have a high kinetic energy, they always keep on moving. Can other matter diffuse into liquids? Yes, other matter can diffuse into liquids whether it is solids, liquids, or gases. This is so because there is a space between the particles of liquid so particles of other matter can slip into those spaces. Diffusing solids into liquids: Mixing sugar in tea  Diffusing liquids into liquids: Mixing ink in water Diffusing gases into liquids: The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water The Gaseous State Gases have the following properties: They do not have a fixed volume. They do not have a fixed shape.  The particles of gases have the least or almost no force of attraction between them. Therefore, the particles have a large number of spaces between them and they can freely move in any direction. Also, they can be easily compressed and put into a small container, unlike solids and liquids. Since there is a lot of space between the particles, different gases can diffuse into each other easily. The kinetic energy between the particles is the maximum in the case of gases. Therefore, the particles move around freely at high speed and there is no fixed shape of gases.

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life.

Cells are similar to factories with different labourers and departments that work towards a common objective. Various types of cells perform different functions. Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

6×10²⁴

Mass of the earth is 6 x 10²⁴ kg and radius of the earth is 6.4 x 10⁶ m

Factor	Atoms	Molecules
Definition	Most fundamental and smallest part that can exist of an element.	Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Example	Oxygen – O   Phosphorus – P Sulphur – S Hydrogen – H	Oxygen – O2   Phosphorus – P4 Sulphur – S8 Water – H2O
Structure	Smallest particle with properties of an element.	Combination of two or more atoms.
Stability	An atom may not always be stable in nature due to the presence of electrons in the outer shells.	Molecules are formed to attain stability.
Constituent Elements	Protons, Electrons & Neutrons	Two or more atoms of the same or different elements
Reactivity	Except for the noble elements, atoms of all elements showcase a certain level of reactivity.	Compared to a molecule, the level of reactivity is less as some of the valence points are filled by electrons of combined elements.

1.63 kg

There is great difference between mass and weigh.Mass being a fundamental property of a substance is constant throughout the universe. What changes is weight. Weight is nothing but the gravitational force on an object which is caused by some celestial body. heavier the celestial body more the gravitational force applied by it. so, mass of the object whose mass is 9.8 kg on earth is 9.8 kg on moon also. But weight of the body on moon i.e. the gravitational force applied by moon is much less (by an factor of 1/6) than that on the earth.

DURACELL

Egg of ostrich

The largest cells is an egg of cell of ostrich

The largest cells is an egg cell of ostrich.

The largest cell in the world is inside the ostrich egg. Whole interior is made up of a single cell which weighs upto 5 pound

Yes, zero displacement is possible if an object has moved through a distance.

Suppose a ball starts moving from point A and it returns back at same point A, then the distance will be equal to 20 meters while displacement will be zero.

Yes, zero displacement is possible if an object has moved through a distance. Suppose a ball starts moving from point A and it returns back at same point A, then the distance will be equal to 20 meters while displacement will be zero

Cellulose is the main substance found in plant cell walls and helps the plant to remain stiff and strong. Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it is important in the diet as a source of fibre. Cellulose is used to make clothes and paper.

1by 2+root three

 

• Cellulose is a polysaacharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand glucose units.
• Cellulose is the structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants and many algae.
• Cellulose is the main component of a plant cell. It is a polysaccharide and is responsible for providing structural strength to the plants.

Sexual Reproduction involves two parents. Asexual Reproduction involves only one parent

There are two types of plant tissues:- 1.Meristematic tissues 2.Permanent tissues Plz give me thanks as i answered your question my your parents live 100 years if you give thanks ????

Types of Plant Tissues:

Based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as growing or meristematic tissue and permanent tissue which have further sub-divisions as explained below:

A. Meristematic Tissue 
Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth in plants. Cells in these tissues can divide and form new cells.

Meristematic tissues are of three types:
(i) Apical Meristem: It is present at the growing tip of the stem and roots and increases the length. .

(ii) Lateral Meristem (cambium): It is present beneath the bark. It is responsible for growth in girth of trunk.

(iii) Intercalary Meristem: It is present at internodes or base of the leaves and increases the length between the nodes. 

B. Permanent Tissue

• Cells of meristematic tissues change their shape & size to get specialised in performing other functions in plants body. This process is called Differentiation.
• Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function.

Permanent tissues are of two types:

Simple tissues and Complex tissues

(i) Simple tissues: This type of tissue is composed of same type of cells.
These are again of four types:

(a) Parenchyma simple tissues: Cells of parenchyma tissues are live. They are oval, elongated and loosely packed with large inter-cellular space, forming basic packing of tissue and are found throughout the plant body.

Functions of parenchyma:

• They provide mechanical support to the plant body.
• They store food and nutrients in vacuoles.

Chlorenchyma: Parenchyma with chlorophyll which performs photosynthesis is called as chlorenchyma. 

Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants, cells of parenchyma have large air cavities to give buoyancy to the plant and is called aerenchyma .

(b) Collenchyma simple Tissues: Cells of collenchyma are live. They are oval and elongated and tighily packed with no inter-cellular spaces. They are found below epidermis in leaves and stem.

Functions of collenchymas tissues:

• They provides mechanical support to plant.
• They also provide flexibility to plants so that they can bend without breaking.

(c) Sclerenchyma Simple Tissues: Cells of sclerenchym are dead. They are narrow and elongated. The cell wall in sclerenchyma is composed of lignin which makes it hard. Sclerenchyma are found around vascular bundles, veins of leaves in hard covering of seeds and nuts. For example: Scalerenchyma tissues are found in coconut husk.

Functions of sclerenchyma:

• They help to makes parts of plant hard and stiff.
• Also provides mechanical strength.

(d) Protective tissues: They protect the plant body by forming an outer layer.

There are two types of protective tissues:

1. Epidermis Simple Tissues: Epidermis tissue covers the entire body of plant. They protect plant from injury, germs and water loss.

Cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
Stomata are small openings on epidermal layer of leaf and soft part of stem to facilitate the gaseous exchange and transperation in plants. Each stomata is composed of two guard cells which regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
In desert plants, epidermis and cutin (a water proof waxy substance secreted by epidermis) are thicker to reduce loss of water due to transpiration.

2. Cork Simple Tissues: These types of tissue consist  dead cells with no intercellular spaces. They form the outer layer of old tree trunks.

Cork cells have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.

Cork tissue protects plants from injuries, germs and water loss.

Cork being light in weight is used for making several products like bottle stoppers and shuttle cork.
(ii) Complex tissues: Group of different type of cells performing common task together are named as complex tissues.
Complex tissues are of two types:
(a) Xylem (b) Phloem

(a) Xylem: This is the tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to upper parts of plant. It is composed of four types of cells i.e., tracheid, vessel, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma (fibre).

1.Trachieds are long elongated cells with tapered ending. Trachied cells are dead. Trachied transports water through pits.

2. Vessel is a pipe like structure. Vessels are dead and have lignified thick cell wall. Upper and lower portion of cell wall is absent.

3. Parenchymas are living cells. They store food and nutrients.

4. Sclerenchymas (fibres) are dead cells. They provide mechanical support to plant.

(b) Phloem: Phloem is the tissue that transports food from site of photosynthesis to different parts of plants.

It is composed of four types of cell i.e. sieve cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibre or blast fibre. Al types of cells are live except phoem fibres.

1. Sieve cells are elongated and have thin cell wall. They have cytoplasm but no nucleus and other organelles. These cells are responsible for transportation of food and nutrients
2. Companion cells have cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles. They perform the tasks required for sieve cells for living.
3. Phloem parenchyma store food.
4. Phloem fibres have thick cell wall and they provide mechanical support to plant.

Different types of plant tissues include permanent and meristematic tissues.

b>Meristematic tissue:

These tissues have the capability to develop by swift division. They assist in the major growth of the vegetation. Growth in length and growth in diameter of the plant is carried about by these cells. The Meristematic cells are cubical, living cells with a big nucleus.  These cells are meticulously crammed with no intercellular spaces. Depending on the section where the meristematic tissues are existing, they are categorized as intercalary, lateral and apical meristems.

1. Apical meristem is existent at the growing tips or apical of stems and roots. Apical meristem upsurges the length of the plant.
2. Lateral meristem is existent in the radial portion of the stem or root. Lateral meristem upsurges the thickness of the plant.
3. Intercalary meristem is found at the internodes or at the base of the leaves. Intercalary meristem upsurges the size of the internode.

Permanent tissues:

These cells have lost their ability to distribute but are specialised to offer elasticity, flexibility and strength to the plant. These tissues can be additionally categorised into:

1. Simple Permanent Tissue: They can be classified into sclerenchyma, collenchyma and parenchyma based on their purpose.
2. Complex Permanent Tissue: These tissues include phloem and xylem. Xylem is valuable for the transportation of water and solvable constituents. It is made up of xylem parenchyma, fibres, vessels and tracheids. Phloem is valuable in the transportation of food particles. Phloem consists of phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres, companion cells, sieve cells and sieve tubes.

I think the book is compound. As compound are substances which are formed by formed by two or more different types of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions.