Political causes:
(i) Policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
(ii) Satara, Jhansi, Udaipur, Jaipur came under British control.
(iii) Cancellation of princely titles.
(iv) Removal of kings from the power.
(v) Unemployment of Soldiers.
Economic Causes:
(i) Industrial revolution.
(ii) Unemployment of craftsmen.
(iii) Heavy tax on sale of Indian goods.
(iv) Exploitation of farmers by Zamindars.
(v) Inam lands were taken back.

CAUSES:-

Economic causes:- collapse of traditional handicraft industries , increasing pressure on agriculture and land, high land revenue which was required to pay on a fixed date failing which lands were to be auctioned off .
Administrative causes:- corruption in the administration especially among petty officials, lower law courts and police.
Political causes:- policies of doctrine of lapse, subsidiary alliance and policy of Effective Control created discontentment among people. Annexation of Awadh proved that even the groveling loyalty can't satisfy British greed for territories.
Socio- Religious causes:- abolition of practices like sati, female infanticide, support to widow remarriage and female education were seen by many as an interference in their culture by the outsider.
Discontent among sepoys:- As per Laxmi Subramanian pay, pension and prospect were the main reason for discontent.
Influence of outside events:- British fought first Afghan war, Crimean war, Punjab wars and in all these wars the company had to incur huge losses. This had a great psychological repercussions.
Rumors :- Rumors such as mixing of bone dust with atta ( flour) and introduction of Enfield rifle , the catridges of which were made up of the fat of beef and pig , acted as a sparking point for the revolt.

Menopause is the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends.

Menopause is a stage of a woman's life characterized by the end of her menstrual cycle, and it marks the end of her child-bearing years. As a result of these biological changes, women often experience a number of different symptoms for a period of time, though they eventually subside. It generally happens in a woman's 40s or 50s, though the average age is 51 in the United States. All women go through this stage of life, but if the symptoms cause extreme discomfort or life disruptions, there are some treatment options available.

Adulteration of food is the mixing of extraneous material of an inferior quality with a superior quality product. We can define adulteration of food as the presence of adulterants in food items which should not be contained, for the legal or other reasons

The Independence from the Britishers left us with two countries India and Pakistan. Pakistan was further divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan which later on led to the formation of Bangladesh. Let’s find out more about India After Independence.
Problems Faced After Independence
15th August 1947 marked the end of colonial rule in India and the country found itself standing on the threshold of a new era wherein the task was to build a strong nation. While India found itself independent from the British, it was still to find independence from social, economic and political problems that had started to become a rock in the way of its growth. 

The early leaders of indian national Congress were called Moderates.Dadabhai Naroji,Pherozshah Mehta,W.C. Bannergi ,S.N Bannergi etc...were some important Moderates. The moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust natureof British rule. They believed that British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and would accept the just demands of indians. So,there is only need to express these demands by petitions and prayers and make the government aware of the feelings of indians.
The radicals like Bal Gangadhar Tilak,Lala Lajpat Rai,Bipin Chandra Pal etc...were not satisfied with the methods and objectives of Moderates. They labelled that as the "Politics of Prayers or Begging" they emphasised the importance of self reliance and constructive work. They stressed that people must rely on their own strength and not on the good intentions of the government. people must fight for swaraj (freedom ) and not reforms in the government .
These were the differences between the radicals and moderates.

In the first twenty years of its existence, the Congress was “moderate” in its objectives and methods or we can say that “Moderates” were the leaders of the Congress who presented their demands to the British in a moderate way and they wanted gradual reforms. They aimed at better and friendly association with the British. They proposed to struggle against British rule in a non-violent manner which the radicals called “politics of petitions”. The moderates included leaders like Surendranath Banerjee, Pherozeshah Mehta and Gopal Krishna Gokhle.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi demanded the company to recognize her adopted son as the heir of the kingdom after the death of her husband. But the British refused to accept her adopted son as the ruler of Jhansi. By ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ introduced by Lord Dalhousie, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would ‘lapse’ and such kingdom would be annexed by the British Empire. However, the Company, confident of its superiority and military powers, turned down her pleas.

The Ryotwari system was introduced to collect revenues from the cultivators of agricultural land the ryots. These revenues included undifferentiated land taxes and rents, collected from the landed farmers .

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

(a +b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

(2+b)² = (2)² + 2(2)b+ b²

= 4+ 4b +b²