Governor General Lord Hastings (1813-1823) initiated a new policy of paramountcy. According to this policy, the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme. It could annex or threaten to annex any Indian kingdom to protect its interests. The later British policies were guided by this policy.

Three wars were fought between the British and the Marathas.
First Anglo-Maratha War - The first war ended with the Treaty of Salbai. There was no decisive victory after this war.
Second Anglo-Maratha Wan - The second war resulted in the British gaining Orissa, Agra and Delhi.
Third Anglo-Maratha War - The third war broke the power of the Marathas. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas.

The bacterium, Lactobacillus promotes the formation of curd from milk and the bacterium, Renin is used in cheese production.

The Kharif cropping season starts with the onset of monsoon and ends when the rainy season is over. 

Following are some of the examples of Kharif crops:

• Rice
• Maize
• Sorghum
• Millets
• Ragi
• Soybean
• Cotton

Any thing which is used to statisfy human needs ,provided,it is technologically accessible , economivally feasible and culturally acceptable are called resources. Example - coal,water,air,minerals,etc.,

Resources can be:

1.origin-biotic or aboitic

2.exhaustability-renewable or non renewable

3.ownership-induvidual,community,national and international

4.state of development-potential,developed and stock

Microbes or microorganisms are tiny organisms which are so small that we cannot see them with an unaided eye. Some microorganisms can be seen with the help of a magnifying glass (such as fungus that grows on bread) while some can only be seen when you use a microscope (such as bacteria and protozoa). Microorganism were first observed by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek.

The British had come to India as traders. However, their ambition kept growing and so started the fortification of the port cities. After establishing its monopoly in Indian trade after removing all competing European traders, the English aimed for imperialism.  The gradual interference in Indian politics helped the British to win the Diwani rights of Bengal. Later following several instruments such as subsidiary alliance and imposing cultural superiority of British culture over the orient East, they reduced India to a weak but resourceful colony. 

Our atmosphere has 78% of nitrogen but this atmospheric nitrogen cannot be utilised directly by plants or animals. It has to be first converted into nitrogen compounds. This process of converting nitrogen gas of atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation. The nitrogen gas of atmosphere can be fixed by

1. Certain nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the soil.
2. By Rhizobium bacteria present in the root nodules of leguminous plants
3. By blue-green algae
4. By lightning

The nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants like peas, beans, etc. and show symbiotic relationship. When lightning takes place in the sky during thunderstorm, a high temperature is produced in the atmosphere and nitrogen gas combines with oxygen to form nitrogen compounds.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.

Static friction is defined as the frictional force that acts between the surfaces when they are at rest with respect to each other.

Sliding friction is defined as the resistance that is created between any two objects when they are sliding against each other.

Rolling friction is defined as the force which resists the motion of a ball or wheel and is the weakest types of friction.

Fluid friction is defined as the friction that exsits between the layers of the fluid when they are moving relative to each other.

Silos:

1. Silos are large tanks made of metals used to store silage.

2. It is used in the field of agriculture to store the crop in such a manner that it remains unaffected by pests and insects.

3. Huge quantity of seeds can be stored.  

4. Used by corporate companies.

Granaries:

1. Granaries are small hut like structures constructed with mud and a small cap like structure made up of leaf thatches which is used to store threshed grains.

2. It is used in the field of agriculture to store the crop in such a manner that it remains unaffected by pests and insects.

3. Compared to silos, less quantity of seeds can be stored.

4. Used by Farmers.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law in India. The constitution is the framework for political principles, procedures, and powers of government. The constitution was written on 26 November 1949, and was made the center of law in 26 January 1950. The constitution of India is the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. It is also the longest constitution in the world with 395 articles and 12 schedules. Originally it consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules.

The history of the British Raj refers to the period of British rule on the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who in 1876 was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when the British provinces of India were partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan, leaving the princely states to choose between them. The two new dominions later became the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (the eastern half of which, still later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh). The province of Burma in the eastern region of the Indian Empire had been made a separate colony in 1937 and became independent in 1948.

A liquid with a high solute concentration is called a concentrated solution. The dissolved salt from a well in the drinking water is a dilute solution. When adding more water, the concentration of a solution can be further decreased and diluted. On the other hand, the solution becomes more concentrated as more solute is applied to a solution. There is a significant amount of water in a concentrated solution.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.

• Water is the medium through which all essential vitamins and minerals are transported in the bodies of living organisms (owing to its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances).
• Water also plays a vital role in facilitating the work of enzymes in living organisms. For example, the sodium bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas is broken down into ions by water, making the medium sufficiently alkaline for the enzymes to work.
• Water helps maintain body temperatures in plants and animals. In order to decrease the temperature in their bodies, animals lose water via perspiration (sweating) and plants lose water via transpiration.
• Since water can rise in capillary tubes without any external help, it can be transported from the roots of trees to every other part of the tree.
• Water is an integral part of photosynthesis. Without it, autotrophic plants would not be able to produce their own food.
• Water serves as a habitat for more than 50% of all life on Earth.