M.P = Rs. 500 Discount = 10%
∴ S.P. = Rs.500-10% of Rs.500

=90% of Rs.500

= 90/100 ​×Rs.500=Rs.450
Profit = 20% C.P.=Rs.(450×100​)/120 =Rs.375

Budding

Bud means a small outgrowth from the body of an organism.When a bud is formed on the body of an organism, then the nucleus divides into two and one of the nuclei passes into the bud.

In budding, a small part of the body of the parent organism grows out as a bud which then detaches and becomes a new organism.

For Ex:Hydra, sea-anemones, sponges and corals reproduce by the method of budding.

In hydra, first a small outgrowth called bud is formed on the side of its body by the repeated divisions of its cells.This bud then grows gradually to form a small hydra by developing a mouth and tentacles.And finally the tiny new hydra detaches itself from the body of parent hydra and lives as a separate organism.the parent hydra has produced a new hydra.The bud formed in a hydra is not a single cell.It is a group of cells.

Criminal justice system is the ‘body of law’ or ‘Court’ regulating the inquiry into whether a person has violated criminal law or not.

criminal procedure in the Criminal Justice System in India:
A crime is first reported by the victim to the Police and the police file a FIR or First Information Report. Then the police begin the investigation and arrest the suspected person or persons. The police then file a charge sheet in the Magistrate’s Court. The trial begins in court. The Public Prosecutor represents the victim and the accused can defend themselves with the help of a lawyer. Once the trial is over the accused is either convicted or acquitted. If convicted, the accused can appeal to the higher court.

Calculate the amount and compound interest on Rs 8,000 for 1 year at 9% per annum compounded half yearly.

Here P = Rs 8000,   T = 1 year,    R = 9% p.a.

Interest is compounded half yearly,

∴       T = 1 year = 2 half years

         R = 9% p.a.=  half yearly

∵         Amount = 

                     = Rs 8000 

                     = Rs. 
                    
                     = Rs 
                
             CI = Rs 8736.20 - Rs 8000
 
                     = Rs 736.20

Manual scavenging, banned through different legislations still prevailed in India due to 'weak legal protection and lack of enforcement' of the rules,

Explanation:

• Inherently woven into the caste system in India is the profession of sanitation work: the Dalits work primarily as sanitary labours as cleaners of drains, manual scavengers, garbage collectors & road sweepers.
• The India govt recognised "manual scavenging" for the 1st time in 2013 as an illegal crime, "punishable" by up to "2 years" in prison. The Act aims to strengthen this ban by banning all manual scavenging and ensures that a compulsory survey identifies the rehabilitation of manual scavengers. Nonetheless, there have been reportedly no convictions under the legislation.
• In the year 2014, after the reinforcement of ban  manual scavenging was still prevalent in the states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, & Rajasthan.

 (a)  Preparation of soil: Soil is prepared before sowing the seeds. The soil is loosened to increase the absorption of water and manures. Loosening of soil particles adds humus and nutrients in the soil that increases crop yields. Tilling or loosening the soil is done by ploughs which are pulled by a pair of bulls. Tractor driven cultivators are also used to loosen the soil.

 (b)  Sowing: After preparation of soil it is ready for sowing of seeds. The healthy and clean seeds should be selected. The sowing is done by seed drills or funnel shaped tools. Seed drills are the modern instruments which sow the seeds at proper depth and proper distance.

(c)  Weeding: The unwanted plants in the crops are called weeds. These weeds absorb the nutrients from the soil. So it is necessary to remove them. Weeds are either removed manually or by mechanical tools. The process of removal of weeds is called weeding. Some chemicals like 2, 4-D are also used to kill the weeds.

(d)  Threshing: Separation of grains from the chaff is called threshing. When the crop is harvested, it is cut along with the stalks. They are then separated and the grains are removed. Winnowing machine is used to separate grains from chaff.

• Agriculture is a primary activity which include growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.
• 50% of persons in the world are engaged in agricultural activity.
• 2/3 of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.
• Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity. The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land.

• Sound is a form of energy that travels in the form of vibrations through the air or any another medium.

Sound is produced when something vibrates. The vibrating body causes the medium (water, air, etc.) around it to vibrate. Vibrations in air are called traveling longitudinal waves, which we can hear. Sound waves consist of areas of high and low pressure called compressions and rarefactions, respectively. 

There are two types of sound, Audible and Inaudible.

Inaudible sounds are sounds that the human ear cannot detect. The human ear hears frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 KHz.
Sounds that are below 20 Hz frequency are called Infrasonic Sounds. Elephants use Infrasonic sounds to communicate with herds 100s of kms away.
Sounds that are above 20 KHz frequency are called Ultrasonic Sounds. Dogs, Bats can hear high frequency sounds.

The Roll-Top
The author found a roll-top desk in a junk shop. It was in a bad condition but cheap. He thought that he could restore it. So he bought it. He began to work on it on Christmas Eve.

The Letter
He pulled out the drawers. He found that these had been badly damaged by fire and water. The man who sold it had told him that it was very old. It was of 19th century and made of oak. The last drawer had stuck fast. He had to use much force to open it. When it opened, it revealed a secret space. In it he found a small tin box. On the top of the box these words were written : “Jim’s last letter, received January 25, 1915. To be buried with me when the time comes.” Inside, there was an envelope with the address : “Mrs Jim Macpherson 12 Copper Beeches, Bridport.” The date was December 26, 1914.

Jim and Connie
The author read the letter. The owner of the desk must have put it in. The letter had been written by a captain of the English army. His name was Jim Macpherson. He had written it to his wife Connie. A wonderful incident had happened on the battlefield on the Christmas day. Jim Macpherson had narrated it in his letter.

Unforgettable Moments
The English and the Germans were at war. The two armies stood in their respective trenches on the two sides of the no man’s land. Suddenly Macpherson saw someone waving a white flag from the enemy side. Then he saw many German soldiers calling out to them. They were wishing a happy Christmas to the English soldiers. Some English soldiers shouted back ‘Same to you’. The English thought that was all. To their surprise, they saw many Germans moving towards them. The captain was alarmed. It could be a trick. But it was not. They were bringing with them German wine and canned meat. Now there were no rifles between the soldiers. They were hugging one another. The German officer moved towards Macpherson. They shook hands very warmly. Then the German officer said that he was from Dusseldorf and that he played cello in the orchestra. He gave his name as Hans Wolf. In return, Macpherson also introduced himself. He said that he was a school teacher from Dorset.

Dorset and Hardy
Hans Wolf smiled. He said he knew Dorset. In fact he had never been to England. But he knew English. His favourite writer was Thomas Hardy. His favourite book was ‘Far from the Madding Crowd’. It was from there he had learnt all about Dorset. Macpherson shared with Hans Wolf the Christmas cake his wife had sent for him. Hans Wolf said that the marzipan was the best he had ever tasted. It was a wonderful Christmas party.

War or Football
Then a soldier brought out a football. The soldiers played while Macpherson and Hans Wolf clapped and cheered. Hans Wolf sug-gested that the world would be much better if the problems were resolved by a football match instead of war.

The Celebration
After the football match, all the drinks and eatables were consumed. Now it was time to part. Hans Wolf saluted Macpherson and walked away slowly and unwillingly. That night the Germans were heard singing a carol. The English soldiers replied with a rousing chorus of another carol. They exchanged carols for a while and then it was all silence. Macpherson wrote in his letter that he would treasure those moments all his life.

The Hope
Macpherson ended the letter hoping that the war would end soon. Both armies longed for peace and he was sure they would be together again.

The Burnt House
Having read the letter, the author, put it back in the envelope. He decided to give the letter back to whom it belonged. The address was of Bridport, Dorset. So he drove to that place. The house no. 12 turned out to be a burnt-out shell. It was found that Mrs Macpherson was in the house when it caught fire. The fireman had got her out just in time. She was 101 years old. Now she was in a nursing home.

Mrs Macpherson
The author went to the nursing home. He met the matron. She told the author that Mrs Macpherson was rather confused that day. They had put her in a conservatory. The author found Mrs Macpherson sitting in a chair. Naturally, she looked up at the author vacantly. But her eyes lit up when he called her ‘Connie’ and gave her the letter. He told her how he had got the letter. But she was not listening to him. She reached out and took his hand. Her eyes were filled with tears. She felt that her Jim had returned. She said that her Jim had kept his promise. He had returned on the eve of Christmas. She made him sit beside her. She kissed his cheek. She talked long and lovingly to him. She said that she had got the best Christmas present in the world.

देश में पहली रेल 16 अप्रैल 1853 को बंबई के बोरी बंदर स्टेशन जो कि अब छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनल) से ठाणे के बीच चलाई गई थी।

The Eraser Tool is used in concert with the Drawing and Painting Tools to obtain final, usable art. As the name implies, the Eraser Tool is primarily used for erasing. When the Eraser Tool is active, three options appear in the Options Tray, as shown below. The Erase Mode option and the Eraser Shape option are both drop-down menus with multiple options. The third option, the Faucet button, is used to clear enclosed areas of fill. The only alternative to using the Eraser Tool to remove graphic elements or areas of drawings is to select them and then delete them by pressing either the Delete or the Backspace key.

• Young people should not get drunk and create nuisance in public.

It is a well known fact that alcohol not only affects health but also destroys families.

• They should not throw garbage or trash on the street.

It creates lots of problems for the people living in neighborhood and also becomes a breeding ground for the disease.

Winnowing is an agricultural method for separating grain from the chaff. It is also used to remove hay and chaff or other pests from stored grain. Threshing (the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw) is the step in the chaff-removal process that comes before winnowing.
In the simplest form, it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff. The heavier grains fall back down for recovery. This method is also called "wind-grading".

Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as 'The Father of Indian Constitution'.

 1. Free web space: Each member is provided free web space to publish content.

 2. Free web address: Each member gets a unique web address that becomes the identity of that individual or business. The members can then use their web address or url to promote themselves or their business.

 3. Build Profile: Members are provided web space to build their profiles. The profiles serve a dual purpose: one, they allow friends or contacts to identify members from their profiles; and two, the data entered by the members is used by Social Networking Sites to connect with other members who have a similar background.

 4. Upload content :The Social Networking Sites allow members to upload text messages, photographs, audio and video files free of cost. All posts are arranged in descending order with the last post coming first. Further, all content is published in real time, and becomes visible instantly.

5. Build conversations: Content posted by members can be browsed and commented upon by all members who form part of the community. Content can also be tagged from third party sites on subjects that interest the group.