Lightning is observed as a bright streak of light during a thunderstorm. Lightning is always accompanied by the sound of thunder. The transfer of charge from clouds to the earth or from cloud to cloud is called lightning. In simple words; lightning is an electric spark which happens on a grand scale in the sky.

We know that Pressure= Force/ Area
As area of contact decreases the pressure increases and vice versa.
The knives and blade have sharp edge because :

• The area of sharp edge is less .
•  Pressure acting will be more.
•  so with less effort a person can cut the vegetables or fruits very easily.

Post the failure of the ‘Cripps Mission’, Gandhiji in his historical speech back on August 8, 1942, gave the call for the nation “Do or Die”. The British government tried to suppress the movement by arresting the Congress leaders post Gandhi’s speech. On August 9, 1942, the Congress has passed the resolution called “Quit India Movement”. The aim of the movement is the withdrawal of the British troops and for full Independence. The movement is an important milestone in the nation's struggle for the Independence.

By political equality, Dr. Ambedkar meant the universal adult franchise which gave equal rights to all citizens. By socioeconomic inequality, he meant the income disparities among people.

The aqueous humour plays an essential role in the health of your eye. As well as nourishing the cornea and the lens by supplying nutrition such as amino acids and glucose, the aqueous humour will: Maintain intraocular pressure. Transport vitamin C in the front segment to act as an antioxidant agent. The sclera is the opaque, fibrous, tough, protective outer layer of the eye (“white of the eye”) that is directly continuous with the cornea in front and with the sheath covering the optic nerve behind. The sclera provides protection and form.

1. Reaction of Metals with Water: Metals react  with  water to produce metal oxides with the release of hydrogen gas. But all metals do not react with water.

Metal +  Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further form metal hydroxide.

Metal oxide +  Water → Metal hydroxide

Metals  such as  sodium  and  potassium  react  vigorously  with  cold  water  to  lead  to  evolution  of hydrogen, which immediately catches fire producing a large quantity of heat.

Metals such as aluminium, zinc and iron do not react with cold or hot water, but they react with steam to form metal oxides and hydrogen.

Tactual aids are non-optical sensory aids which involve the sense of touch,e.g- Braille system for blind people. e.g. Braille system for blind people. Auditory aids are non-optical sensory aids which involve the sense of hearing, e.g. Tape recorders, cassettes for deaf.

Our atmosphere has 78% of nitrogen but this atmospheric nitrogen cannot be utilised directly by plants or animals. It has to be first converted into nitrogen compounds. This process of converting nitrogen gas of atmosphere into compounds of nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.

Manure is a natural substance obtained by the decomposition of animal wastes like cow-dung, human wastes and plant residues, which supplies essential elements and humus to the soil and makes it more fertile. The decomposition is carried out by microorganisms. The decomposed animal and plant matter is used as organic manure.

Structure of Human Ear:

The ears are the sense organs which help us in hearing sound. It consists of three compartments – outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.

1. The outer ear consists of a broad part called pinna having a long passage called ear canal. At the end of the ear canal is a thin, elastic and a circular membrane called ear drum. It is also called tympanum. The outer ear contains air.
2. The middle ear contains three small and delicate bone called hammer, anvil and stirrup. These bones are linked to one another. The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear.
3. In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets them as sound.

(a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
(2x - 3y)² = (2x)² - 2x(3y) + (3y)²
= 4x² - 6xy + 9y²

Lustre is the property of surface of substance to reflect light due to which substance appears shiny. For Eg  iron, copper, aluminium, gold, silver, etc metals have highly shining surface and thus possess a good metallic lustre and are used for making ornaments.

Fundamental rights are mentioned in part-III of the constitution under article 12-35. These are the basics of democracy and only given to citizens. Incase of the violation of Fundamental Rights, a citizen can directly access to the judiciary.
In India, the following 6 fundamental rights are provided to Indian citizens-
(i) Right to equality (Art 14-18)- every person is equal in the eyes of law.It means that laws apply in the same manner to all.
(ii) Right to Freedom(Art 19-22) - It is also known as 'cluster of rights'. Freedom of sppech & expression, to assemble in peaceful manner, to form associations and unions. to reside any where in the country, to practice any profession, all are the part of this fundamental right.
(iii) Right against exploitation(Art 23-24)- As per constitution human trafficing, begar and child labour are prohibited.
(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion(Art 25-28)- Every person has the right to profess, practice and propogate any of the religions.
(v) Cultural & Educational Rights(Art 29 & 30)- Any section of the citizens with a distinct language and culture have a right to conserve it.

When two negatively charged objects are brought near each other, a repulsive force is produced. When two positively charged objects are brought near each other, a similar repulsive force is produced. When a negatively charged object is brought near a positively charged object, an attractive force is produced.

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