Formation of petroleum

• This fossil fuel is formulated from the dead sea plants and animals.
• As they died their bodies settle down in the bottom surface of the sea.
• With the passage of time they get compressed as more layers of sand and clay deposited over them.
• Under high temperature and pressure along with the absence of air these dead plants slowly got converted to petroleum and natural gas.

Petroleum consists of several constituents as mentioned above. They need to be separated from the crude oil by a series of processes. This process of separation of the wide variety of constituents of petroleum is called Refining of Petroleum carried out in petroleum refinery

Some microorganisms get settled on the food stuff. They release the toxic substances in the food stuff. This makes the food contaminated and unfit for use. This is called food poisoning. If anyone consumes this food, it can produce fatal results. Serious illness is caused and patient get frequent vomiting and loose motion.

This physical condition can lead even to death. So it is very important that we preserve food to prevent it from being spoilt.

The prime factorization of 298116 is 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 13 × 13
 

Plastics release toxic : True

In chemical laboratory, many chemicals are stored in plastic bottles because plastics are non reactive, inexpensive and can be re-used. While metal containers can react with chemicals.

Plastic is a unique material which becomes soft on heating and hard on cooling. It melts at moderately high temperature without decomposing.

As liquids have a tendency to take the shape of container therefore, when molten plastic is poured in different vessels, it takes the shape of vessel on cooling. Thus a plastic can be moulded into different shape and sizes.

a) Chemical method of preservation is done by adding certain chemicals which have the capability of preserving the food. Preservatives include sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite used in jams and squashes. 
b) Preservation by vinegar is done by adding vinegar as microorganisms cannot live in sour environment provided by the same.
c) Preservation by sugar is done by adding sugar which reduces moisture in food. It also inhibits the growth of microbes that spoil food. Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved using sugar.
d) Preservation by oil is done by adding oil, as bacteria and fungi cannot live in an environment provided by oil.
e) Sun drying is one another method of preserving food. Food like vegetables and fruits are sliced and sundried in order to remove moisture from them. These dehydrated food products can be stored and preserved.
f) Salting is done by using common salt. Sodium chloride used as common salt absorbs moisture from food, making it dry and uninhabitable for microbes.
 

Objective: To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is released during respiration.
Apparatus and Materials Required: A conical flask, a beaker, a cork with a hole, a glass tube bent at right angles at two places, a small test tube, KOH solution, thread, coloured water.Theory: 
Respiration is a catabolic process which involves the breakdown of food or complex organic molecules into simpler products, with the release of energy. This process can take place either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or in its absence (anaerobic respiration).

The overall reaction mechanism of aerobic respiration involves the oxidation of carbohydrate and the subsequent production of CO2, H2O and energy.

C6H12O6+6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Procedure:
1. Take the conical flask and place some germinating gram or pea seeds in it.

2. Insert the shorter end of the glass tube through the hole in the cork and fix it on the conical flask.

3. Before fixing the cork, hang a test tube containing KOH solution inside the conical flask with the help of a thread.

4. Take coloured water in the beaker and keep the longer end of the glass tube dipped inside it.

5. Make the conical flask airtight by applying Vaseline on its rim.

6. Note the initial level of water in the tube.

7. Observe and note the rise in the water level after an hour, without disturbing the apparatus.

Observations:
Water level rises up in the bent tube.

Result:
The rise in the level of water indicates that CO2 is produced by germinating seeds during respiration. Actually, the germinating seeds respire and produce CO2, which is absorbed by KOH solution. This creates a vacuum in the conical flask. The air present in the bent glass tube moves into the conical flask. This pulls the water in the bent tube further up.

Precautions:
1. Keep the conical flask airtight.

2. Fix the shorter end of the glass tube in such a way that it does not touch the seeds.

3. Use freshly prepared KOH solution.

Tipu Sultan was son of Haider Ali  came to power in 1782. Tipu Sultan, also known as the Tiger of Mysore and Tipu Sahib, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore and a scholar, soldier, and poet.

Federalism is a government in which powers of the government are divided between the central government and the governments of the constituent units of the country.
Unitary form of government is a government in which all the powers of government are concentrated into the hands of one central government and all the units are subordinate and under the central government.