Flame is a hot glowing body of ignited gas that is generated by something on fire.

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Terrace Farming - On hilly slopes, terraces act as bunds and prevent the soil from being washed away by running water. Terrace farming is practiced with successful results in Japan, South-East Asia and the USA.

Shelter Belts - Peasants plant trees in several rows to reduce wind erosion. They are called ‘wind breaks’.
Contour Ploughing - Ploughing along contours on a slope prevents soil being washed away by rains or by surface run off. Contours act like bunds. Terraces are leveled into step-like small fields with even slopes. Contour ploughing is common in countries like Japan, China and some of the South-East Asian countries.
Strip Cropping - In this system, crops are grown in alternate strips of land in order to check the effect of the winds.

Construction of Dams - Rivers are known to cause soil erosion. Dams are built in the upper course of the rivers in order to control the erosion of soil.

133.92 crores 

Measures to control noise pollution
1) We should not play radio ,stereo systems and televisions too loudly.
2) The horns of motor vehicles should not be gone unnecessarily.
3) The bursting of crackers should be avoided.
4) The noise making factory and airports should be shifted away from the residential area of the city.
5)loud speakers should be played at low volume during marriages and other social function.
6) Trees should be planted along the roads and around building to reduce the noise pollution from the roads.

1. The lives of the tribal people depended on free movement within forest and on being able to use the land and forests for growing their crops.
2. But when British brought changes in forest laws, their life was badly affected.
3. The British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were state property.
4. Some forests were classified as reserved forest where these people were not allowed.
5. As a result, many jhum cultivators were forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

Take a plastic bottle. Fix a small glass tube above the bottom of the plastic bottle. We should seal the joint of glass tube with plastic bottle by using molten wax so that water does not leak from the joint. Tie a thin sheet of rubber tightly on the open end of glass tube. Now fill half of plastic bottle with water. On filling water, the rubber sheet tied to the mouth of glass tube gets stretched and bulges out. The bulging out of rubber sheet tied to the glass tube fixed in the wall of plastic bottle demonstrates that water present in plastic bottle exerts pressure on the walls of the bottle. It is the sideways pressure exerted by water which inflates the thin rubber sheet forming a buldge. If we pour more water in the plastic bottle to increase depth, we will see that the bulge in the rubber sheet increases. This indicates that the pressure exerted by water increases with increasing depth.

1. The pressure exerted by a liquid on the walls of container increases with increasing depth.
2. A liquid exerts pressure on the walls of its container.

The ryots were reluctanat to grow indigo because:-
1) The price they got for indigo was very low.
2) The cycle of loans never ended.
3) The planters insisted that indigo should be grown on the best soils.
4)  Indigo had deep roots and exhausted the soil rapidly.Then the land could not be sown witn rice.The soil would become barren.

In NIJ cultivation, the planter themselves produce indigo while under Ryot system, planter get indigo produced by ryot.

In NIJ cultivation planter directly employ hired labour to produce indigo while in ryot system, planter force the ryot to sign an agreement to produce indigo.

In NIJ cultivation less than 25 percent of land should be under indigo cultivation while in ryot system, at least 25 percent of land should be under indigo cultivation.

Under NIJ cultivation it is very difficult to find labour while in ryot system, planter sometimes forces the village head on behalf of ryot to sign the agreement to produce indigo.

Under ryot system planter give loan to ryot to produce indigo, this is not applied in case of NIJ cultivation.

These are made of small units that join together to form long chains. Some of the examples of synthetic fibres are nylon, rayon, acrylic, polyester etc.

The amount of force exerted (thrust) on a surface per unit area is defined as ‘Pressure’. It can also be defined as the ratio of the force to the area .

Pressure (P) = Thrust/ Area

The SI unit is ‘pascals (Pa)’. 1 Pa = 1N/m² 

Forces are due to an Interaction: An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects. At least two objects must interact for a force to come into play. Suppose a man is standing behind a stationary car. Since there is no interaction between the man and the car, no force acts on the car and hence the car does not move. Now, suppose the man begins to push the car, that is, he applies a force on it. The car may begin to move in the direction of the applied force due to interaction between the man and the car. Note that the man has to push the car to make it move.

1. ‘Blue rebellion’ started in 1859 when thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo.
2. Those who worked for the planters were socially boycotted, and the gomasthas - agents of planters-who came to collect rent were beaten up.
3. Ryots swore they would no longer take advances to saw indigo nor be bullied by the ‘planters’ lathiyals.
4. In many villages, leaders who had been forced to sign indigo contracts mobilised indigo peasants and fought pitched battles with the lathiyals.

Polyester fabrics do not get wrinkled easily and it remains crisp and can be washed easily than any other fabrics. Thus it is used to make dress, shirts etc. PET is one of the familiar form of polyester that is used to make bottles, utensils, wires and many other things