Following are the main causes of uneven distribution of population in the world:

• Geographical causes: Topography, climate, soil, water and mineral
• Social, cultural and economic causes

Soils are the environment in which seeds grow. They provide heat, nutrients, and water that are available for use to nuture plants to maturity. These plants form together with other plants and organisms to create ecosystems. The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding.

James Mill thought that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe. According to him, before the British came to India, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country. Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices dominated the social life of the Indians. To him, only British rule could civilise Indians by ruling over them and by introducing Western education, laws and institutions in India.

James Mill, a Scottish political philosopher and economist, divided Indian history on the basis of religion into three periods namely, Hindu, Muslim and British. According to James Mill India was backward and had unacceptable culture. With various superstitious beliefs prevailing in the country, the people were very arrogant. He further organized the country into three eras and stated that India grew or made changes only in terms of religious practices

The Kingdom which were annexed on the basis of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur and Jhansi.

1. Sovereign: It means that India is a free or independent country. It is not controlled by any foreign power and they are not allowed to interfere in any of the internal or external affairs of the country. This implies that it is free to formulate any of its domestic and foreign policies.
2. Democratic: This implies that political power is vested in the people. The people of India have the power to elect the government of their choice at all levels - Union, State and Local. Thus, our government is called a democratic government because it is a ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people’.
3. Republic: This means that our country has an elected Head of State, the President. He is elected directly or indirectly for a period of five years. However, such a Head has no hereditary right.
4. Socialist: This term was added in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies that the State will ensure an equitable distribution of wealth among its people. Proper measures would be taken to safeguard and protect the interests of the poorer and weaker sections of society. Also, it aims to provide equal opportunities to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.

The framing the Indian Constitution was not an easy task for the members of the Constituent Assembly. Difficulties faced by them during the writing of the Constitution were

1. India, being a diverse country, was inhabited by the people belonging to different religions, caste, class and sect. Thus, they had to frame a Constitution which can satisfy the aspirations of each section of society. This was not an easy task.

2. The people of India had emerged as free citizens after independence. It was, thus, important for the framers to incorporate all the rights and duties of the citizens of the country in the Constitution.

3. India had become independent after experiencing million of deaths during the partition of the country. It was a traumatic experience for the people.

4. At the time of independence, many princely states existed in India. According to the instrument of accession, these states could either join India or Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a tough and a difficult task.

The country was, thus, going through a difficult phase after independence. At that time, the future of the country did not look as secure as it looks today. The framers of the Constitution had anxieties about present and they had to frame the Constitution which can keep the country united and strong in the coming years. They also had to ensure that the democratic spirit of the Constitution is maintained.

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:

• It provides equipments which increases production that lead to the consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of resources.
• The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of resources.
• Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.

Land classification refers to land categories, reflecting quality classes, capability classes or grade, depending upon the characteristics of the land and/or its potential for agricultural use. The different types of land are known as biomes. These are divided into four classifications: desert, forest, grassland and tundra. Land biomes are typically defined by the type of vegetation they possess, the types of animals that inhabit them and their climate, such as rainfall and temperature.

The Subsidiary Alliance system was used by Lord Wellesley, who was Governor-General of India from 1798-1805, to build an empire in India.
Under the system, the allying Indian state's ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.
Also, the Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British Resident in his court.
Under the Subsidiary Treaty, the Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without the prior approval of the British. Nor could he negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the Governor-General.

A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability — they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. ... An item becomes a resource with time and developing technology. For resources traded in markets such as oil, land, timber, and crops, the value of small quantities of market goods can be measured by their observed price. In competitive markets, prices reflect both the marginal cost of producing the good to suppliers and the marginal value to consumers. Ethical values are the ones we make ethical choices based on them, or they are the kind of values that have to do with being good or doing the right thing. There are many ethical values. Justice, honesty, empathy, compassion, respect and responsibility are the most important ones.

1) The Constitution of India has been amended for approximately 100 times.
2) It has accepted the changes of the Indian society. Further the judiciary of India has interpreted the document relevant to the changing times.
3) A commission was appointed by NDA in 2000 to review the document and the report for the same was submitted in February 2002.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife. Forests provide a natural habitat for many species of animals. Deforestation, soil erosion, construction activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides are the major factors that impact forest cover natural or man-made. The first and foremost thing that can be done to save the natural vegetation is to stop cultivating the non native plants. Avoid using pesticides, insecticides, and other chemicals on the plants. Plant as many trees as possible. For wildlife, we should protect the endangered animals.

The Indian State distances itself from the religion and it is not rules by a religious group & nor does it support any one religion.  It is important for a country to function democratically. Almost all the countries of the world will have more than one religious group living in them. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful for the people belonging to minority. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State.

It is important for a country to function democratically. Almost all the countries of the world will have more than one religious group living in them. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful for the people belonging to minority. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State.

Seven Ways to Conserve Water

1. Only Run Water-Using Appliances When They're Full. ...
2. Fix Drips By Replacing Worn Tap Washers. ...
3. Incorporate Water Conservation Into Your Landscaping. ...
4. Reduce the Amount of Water Used by Toilets. ...
5. Consider a WaterSense Labeled Shower Head. ...
6. Install a Rain Barrel. ...
7. Compost Food Waste Instead of Using Your Garbage Disposal.

A type of natural resource derived from the biosphere as opposed to abiotic resource from non-living things. Examples of biotic resources are forests, animals, birds, fish, and marine organisms. Mineral fuels can be regarded as biotic resources since they are derived from or products formed from decayed organic matter. Natural resources such as these, that can be made available indefinitely, are classified as renewable resources. Some renewable natural resources are biotic (living), such as forests and fisheries, while others are abiotic (nonliving) such as solar energy, wind energy, and water.

Birsa Munda was a tribal freedom fighter who belonged to the Munda tribe. He led the Munda Rebellion in the South of Ranchi in 1899. This movement was launched to establish independent Munda Raj but not a separate state. The two most important reasons for the revitalization included the agrarian discontent and the advent of Christianity. The movement aimed to reconstruct the tribal society from disintegration which was started in its face due to the stress and strains of the colonial rule.

Air, water, wind, solar energy, soil  etc are all renewable resources. Renewable resources can be easily renewed by nature.

Resources cannot be renewed or replenished in short duration. Therefore they are also known as exhaustible resources. Examples- coal, natural gas, petroleum etc.

Fertile means enriched with the nutrients for plants. The major nutrients are Nitrogen, Phosphorous Potassium and Calcium which are found in humus.  So the soil having humus , minerals micro, organism and water is fertile. Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. A fertile soil has the following properties: ... The absence of toxic substances which may inhibit plant growth.

Land conservation is the process of protecting natural land and returning developed land to its natural state. Due to the fact that some land has only had minor disturbances and other land has been completely destroyed, a variety of techniques are needed to carry out land conservation. Some of the most common techniques include preservation, restoration, remediation, and mitigation.

The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionised the technique and organisation of production in the later half of the 18 th century. This Industrial Revolution replaced the previous domestic system of production by the new factory system. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labour by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

In 1817, James Mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three-volume work, A History of British India . In this, he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. This periodisation came to be widely accepted. However, it was later rejected by the nationalist historians.