In the 19th and the 20th centuries, tribals in many regions of India rose in rebellion. Birsa Munda was a tribal leader and a folk hero who belonged to the Munda tribe, born in the mid-1870’s. He was impressed by the sermons of the missionaries.

Birsa also spent time under a well-known Vaishnav preacher, and, influenced by his teachings, started giving importance to purity and piety.

He started a movement to reform the Munda society. He went against the British, the missionaries, moneylenders, traders and Hindu landlords.

The spread of the Munda Movement worried the British, they arrested and jailed him for two years in 1895. After Birsa was freed in 1897, he continued with his movement. His followers attacked churches and police stations, and took over the properties of the landlords and the moneylenders.
The movement faded out with the death of Birsa in 1900.

The movement forced the British to bring in laws to protect the lands of the tribals. The tribals proved that they had the ability to protest against the colonial rule and the injustices being meted out to them.

European trading companies were attracted to India for following:
(a) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had huge market in Europe.
(b) Indian spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand.

The key features of the Indian Constitution are explained below:

(i)Federalism- Our Constitution has provided for a federal form of government. This means that we have government at the state level and at the centre. Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government. India is a large country with a vast number of communities living together in it. It was important to have another level of government in states so that decisions could be made for that particular area. While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues, subjects on national concern require that all of these states follow the laws of the central government. Under federalism, the states are agents of the federal government and they draw their authority from the Constitution.

(ii)Parliamentary form of Government - The different tiers of government consists of representatives who are elected by the people. The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult franchise for all citizens. This means that people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives. At the same time, every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can also contest in elections. These representatives are accountable to the people.

(iii)Separation of Powers - There are three organs of the state—the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of the state, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise different powers. In this way, each organ acts as a check on the other organs of the state and this establishes a balance of power between the three.

(iv)Fundamental Rights - Fundamental Rights are called the conscience of the Indian Constitution. These Rights protect against the absolute exercise of power by the state. The Constitution thus guarantees the rights of individuals against the state as well as against other individuals.

(v)Secularism - It is an important feature of our Constitution. A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India. Incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600, it was started as a monopolistic trading body so that England could participate in the East Indian spice trade. Being motivated by the successful business stories of the Portuguese a group of English merchants -'Merchant Adventurers' formed a company- the East India Company in 1599 AD. The Company received a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600 AD authorizing it to trade in the East.

According to the authors, the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire can be grouped under the following heads: a) deterioration of land relations; b) emergence of regional powers as successor states; c) selfish struggle of nobles at the court; d) lack of initiative in modern weapons; e) lack of control over the bankers of the state and above all f) Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaign. Many historians blame Aurangzeb for the decline of Mughal empire, They said he reimposed the jizya tax on non-Muslims, he even took tax from the local people, he spent 25 years out of his empire to fight with the Maratha's and made Sikhs and Hindus live according to Islam.

Colonialism is the practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources to increase its own power and wealth. Colonialism refers to the practice of one nation establishing its presence in another. Oftentimes, ths is done by force or by being the first to discover a new nation. The reasons for African colonisation were mainly economic, political and religious. During this time of colonisation, an economic depression was occurring in Europe, and powerful countries such as Germany, France, and Great Britain, were losing money.

The historians of the Indian history re-interpreted the document of the colonial India since they all were written under the influence and in favour of the colonial government with too much bias and it was made sure that nothing would be go against the pride and respect of the government. The British believed that by preserving official documents, it would be easier for them or any other persons to know about the decisions taken in the past. One can study the notes and reports that were prepared in the past. Their copies may be prepared and used in present time if needed so.

The British were very interested in preserving all important documents and letters. For this, they established record rooms attached to all administrative institutions such as the village tahsildar's office, the collectorate, law courts etc. They also set up archives and museums to preserve important records. According to the britishers the official documents can be preserved in Archives and Museums which can be utilized at a later period for reference and debating.

According to the Britishers the official documents can be preserved in Archives and Museums which can be utilized at a later period for reference and debating. The British were very interested in preserving all important documents and letters. For this, they established record rooms attached to all administrative institutions such as the village tahsildar's office, the collectorate, law courts etc. They also set up archives and museums to preserve important records.

The British were very interested in preserving all important documents and letters. For this, they established record rooms attached to all administrative institutions such as the village tahsildar's office, the collectorate, law courts etc. They also set up archives and museums to preserve important records. The British felt that all the important letters and documents must be carefully preserved. So they set up record rooms attached to administrative institutions, and institutions such as archives and museums were also established for preserving records.

One of the most primary sources of modern Indian history is the official records of the British colonial administration in India. The culture of memos, notings and reports preserved by the British has come to be seen as an authentic source of Indian historiography. Preserved documents from village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office, the provincial secretariats and the lawcourts – are also useful. These added to the records preserved in archives and museums are an important source material for history writing in India.

Apart from the official records, there were diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities, and popular booklets, writings in newspaper and other print media.

The ancient Greeks called India 'Indus,' from Sindhu, the name for the Indus river in Northwest India. Persians called India 'Hindustan' for much the same reason. Bharatavarsha is a very old name for India, which some scholars believe came from the name of the first Chakravartin emperor, Bharata. The Persian 'Hindustan', and the Latin 'India', are both derived from the old-Persian term 'Hindu'. Hindu is Persian for Sindhu, the name for the Indus River in ancient Sanskrit. Thus, 'Hindustan' is 'the land beyond the Indus'.

No there was no planning.
Firstly they came in the Bengal for trade but after battle of plassey they shifted in India and ruled all over India for 200 years.

Revenue is the earning that an enterprise has from its normal business pursuits, usually from the sale of commodities and services to consumers. Revenue is also mentioned and referred to as turnover or sales. A few companies get revenue from royalties, other fees or interest .

After the mutiny of 1857 the British parliament passed an act that ended to the rule of the East India company in India. It means the control of Indian rule was transferred to the British Crown. In this development Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy of India. 

The East India Company, in 1600, acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting the Company sole right to trade with the East. According to the charter, the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands to buy goods at a cheaper price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The Portuguese established their presence on the western coast of India and had their base in Goa. By the early seventeenth century, the Dutch were exploring the possibilities of trade in the Indian Ocean and very soon the French arrived on the scene.

All the companies are interested in buying the same things. The fine qualities of cotton, silk, pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand. The urge to secure markets led to fierce battles between the trading companies. Trade was carried on with arms and trading posts were protected through fortification.

A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected representatives which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar document. The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India. Following India's independence from British Government in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. The drafting committee was entrusted with the responsibility to prepare the Draft constitution. The constituent assembly took 2 years , 11 months and 17 days to frame the constitution. It spent 6.4 crore Rupees in the preparation.

The opposition is formed by the largest party or coalition of parties that does not have the support of the majority of members in the House of Representatives. The opposition is sometimes called the alternative government because it could form a government if it was to win the support of the majority of members. The Opposition's main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. The role of the opposition in the legislature is basically to check the excesses of the ruling or dominant party, and not to be totally antagonistic.

In democratic countries of the world unjust laws are opposed by opposition and people very strongly. There are protests on large scale starting from parliament and if that not work protests are carried out on by masses.
Unions also play key role against unjust laws within organizations. Strikes and hunger strikes are the forms of protests carried by prominent leaders of the world. These protests can result into civil disobedience and civil war.

Secularism is to create a society in which people of all religions or people who don't belong to any religion can live together peacefully. It says that no one shall be subject to discrimination by any State, institution, group of persons, or person on grounds of religion or other beliefs. Secularists oppose religion or the religious being afforded privileges, which - put another way - means others are disadvantaged. They believe that the reduced numbers attending church show that people have chosen to give up faith.