• The Subsidiary Alliance system was used by Lord Wellesley, who was Governor-General of India from 1798-1805, to build an empire in India.
• Under the system, the allying Indian state's ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.
• Also, the Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British Resident in his court.
• Under the Subsidiary Treaty, the Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without the prior approval of the British. Nor could he negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the Governor-General.
• In return for all this, the British agreed to defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of non-interference in the internal matters of the allied state.

• Dates tell us about when an event or an incident occurred.
• Chronologically, dates help to show cause and effect relationship between events.
• Dates help historians to construct history of a king or a dynasty in a chronological manner

The Battle of Plassey was fought between the forces of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah and the English East India Company, led by Robert Clive. It was fought on 23 June 1757 at Plassey near Murshidabad. A major portion of the 50,000 strong army of the Nawab was controlled by Mir Jafar who was hand in gloves with the British. His men did not join the battle at a crucial time. As a result, the Nawab’s men suffered heavy casualties and he himself left the battlefield after the death of his commander Mir Madan. This was a major blow to the Nawab’s army which was, as a result, easily defeated by the British. Later, the Nawab himself was caught and killed, and Mir Jafar was instituted as the new Nawab of Bengal.

Water is a valuable resource. Every living thing needs water to survive. It should be used as efficiently as possible.

The amount of water on the Earth is constant, or nearly so. Actually, the amount is increasing ever so slightly due to volcanic eruptions expelling water vapor into the atmosphere, but, for all practical purposes, the amount of water (as a gas, liquid and as snow and ice) can be considered to be constant. The world's oceans are rising due to the distribution of water: snow and ice on land, on average, are melting, and that water ultimately ends up in the oceans. The total amount of water is essentially unchanged, but more of it is finding its way from land into the oceans. Secondarily, the world's oceans are warming, and water expands slightly as it is heated, adding to the volume of the oceans.

(i)After the harvest, the indigo plant was taken to the vats in the indigo factory. Three or four vats were needed to manufacture the dye. Each vat had a separate function.

(ii)The leaves stripped off the indigo plant were first soaked in warm water in a vat, also known as fermenting or steeper vat, for several hours. 
(iii)When the plants fermented, the liquid began to boil and bubble. Now the rotten leaves were taken out and the liquid drained into another vat that was placed just below the first vat.
(iv)In the second vat, also known as the beater vat, the solution was continuously stirred and beaten with paddles. When the liquid gradually turned green and then blue, lime water was added to the vat. Gradually the indigo separated out in flakes, a muddy sediment settled at the bottom of the vat and a clear liquid rose to the surface.
(v)This liquid was drained off and the sediment, i.e. indigo pulp transferred to another vat, also known as the settling vat, and then pressed and dried for sale.

Periodisation is simply a process of dividing the annual training plan into a series of manageable phases (mesocycles). Each phase can then target a specific or series of attributes to be developed within a designated period of time. Periods of appropriate overload and recovery are designated within each phase. Moving away from British classification, historians have usually divided Indian history into 'ancient', 'medieval' and 'modern'. ... It is a periodisation that is borrowed from the West where the modern period was associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity – science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.

In India, like most other democracies in the world, some rights are mentioned in the Constitution. These rights are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called Fundamental Rights. It talks about securing for all its citizens equality, liberty and justice. Fundamental Rights are an important basic feature of the Indian Constitution. These are preserved in the Part III of the Constitution. Importance' of Fundamental Rights: 
(i) Fundamental Rights create a feeling of security amongst the minorities in the country. 
(ii) No democracy can function in the absence of basic rights such as freedom of speech and expression. 
(iii) Fundamental Rights grant the standards of conduct, citizenship, justice and fair play. They act as a check on the government.

The biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, where natural vegetation and wildlife exist. In the biosphere, living beings are inter-related and interdependent on each other for survival. 

The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms is called the biosphere. The biosphere is one of the four layers that surround the Earth along with the lithosphere (rock), hydrosphere (water) and atmosphere (air) and it is the sum of all the ecosystems. The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environments of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests, high mountaintops, and transition zones like this one, where ocean and terrestrial ecosystems meet.

The British felt that all the important letters and documents must be carefully preserved. So they set up record rooms attached to administrative institutions, and institutions such as archives and museums were also established for preserving records.

Those official records of the British administrative offices and government departments are an important source to learn about history; they clearly wrote down every plan, instruction, policy, decision, agreement, and investigation

The British felt that all the important letters and documents must be carefully preserved. So they set up record rooms attached to administrative institutions, and institutions such as archives and museums were also established for preserving records. 

The official records are the documents that the government kept with them, in other words, these were the documents in which all the policies or projects of the government were registered. The following are the information that we can get from these records:

1. We can get to know about the administrative measures taken by the British government. For instance, their strategy settlement and agreement, plans, laws etc.

2. As these were the official records we can get to know about the population rate such as the birth and death rates; as the British initiated the system of the census.

3. These records may have contained the record of supply of arm and ammunition to the British and Indian soldiers from that we can also get to know about technological advancement of the age.

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Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture which involves clearing of a plot of land by cutting of trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops are grown. After the land has lost its fertility, it is abandoned.  The farmers then move to a new place.
Disadvantages:
Leads to deforestation
Loss of fertility of a particular land
Leads to Soil erosion
Burning of trees – air pollution
Insufficient cultivation of crops for a large population.

Constitution deal with the Directive Principles of State Policy. The Directive Principles are the guiding principles for governance but are not enforceable by any court.
That does not change the fact that they are nevertheless fundamental to the governance of this country. These principles provide the social and economic guidance for Indian Democracy and pave the way for the establishment of a true welfare State.
As the name indicates, these principles command the State and its instrumentalities to follow certain fundamental principles while formulating and pursuing policies
These principles are the guiding light for the attainment of the objectives that our Constitution aspires for. These principles chalk the path for the State to follow in order to secure the greatest good for the greatest number in the way consistent with our Constitutional philosophy and vision.
The Directive Principles envision for all citizens the equality of opportunity and adequate means of livelihood, avoiding concentration of wealth in few hands. In short, the Directive.

Landslides are defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or Earth down a slope. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. 

• Kings shared their administrative power with <i>samantas</i>, Brahmans, traders, and associations of peasants.
• Peasants, cattle-keepers, artisans, and all those who produced something, had to pay taxes or rents, and traders had to pay revenue.
• Under the Chola dynasty, there were around 400 different types of taxes, from which <i>vetti</i> (forced labour), and <i>kadamai</i> (land revenue) were the most common.
• The reasons of collecting taxes were; to fulfil the finance of the king's establishments, to build temples and forts, and to fight wars.
• The high positions at kingdoms including the army, were appointed either by hereditary or through influential families.

These regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves at the same time. Thus, the forests always appear green. This is the reason they are called evergreen forests.

Resource conservation is management of the use of natural resources to provide the maximum benefit to current generation while maintaining capacity to meet the needs of future generations. Conservation includes both the protection and rational use of natural resources.

Rule of law is important because it checks abuse of power by authorities. It empowers individuals with rights which cannot be easily taken-away. It treats everyone equally without discrimination. Law and order require the prevention of crime as well as the contribution of authorities, and as such it does not matter by what means these are achieved, or what the characteristics of the law are. This concept of the rule of the law can, therefore, be upheld by even the most tyrannical dictatorship.

Vatican City is the world's smallest country, less than 0.5 km² in area. It lies within Rome, the capital of Ital

1782 : James Rennell makes first map of India

The Third Carnatic War (1756-1763) was a decisive win for the English. It established the English supremacy over the French in Indian Subcontinent. At the end, a treaty-Treaty of Paris was signed, which allowed the French to have their factories in India but forbade them from administering them. Chandernagore and Pondicherry were returned to French but they couldn't have any troops garrisoned.

‘Tiger of Mysore’ was the title given to Tipu Sultan as he was a brave and fearless soldier.