The main reason for the decline of India’s renowned handicraft industry was the introduction of “Discriminatory Tariff Policy” by the colonial government. This policy allowed-

1) Free export of raw materials from India or at cheap rates which were to be used in the upcoming modern industries in Britain.
Import of British goods in India at very low prices and heavy duty was imposed on export of Indian handicrafts.
2)As a result, Indian markets were full of finished goods from Britain which were of low and affordable prices. It led to the decline of Indian handicrafts both at the infernational and domestic market. This two-fold policy was ensured to ensure the maximum advantage of their home country.

In 1829 by Raja রামমোহন রায়

1829 By Raja Rammohan Roy

Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed by the greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the surface of the earth and prevents it from freezing.

Greenhouse gases are the gases that absorb the infrared radiations and create a greenhouse effect. For eg., carbondioxide and chlorofluorocarbons

Criminal justice system is the ‘body of law’ or ‘Court’ regulating the inquiry into whether a person has violated criminal law or not.

Adivasi is the collective term for  of the  who are considered  to places within  wherein they live, either as foragers or as tribalistic sedentary communities. The term is also used for ethnic minorities, such as  of  Gond women,   at a meeting about land rights. Access to traditional lands and forests are some of the most important issues for Adivasi communities today. They comprise a substantial minority population of India, making up 8.6% of  population, or 104.2 million people, according to the  Adivasi societies are particularly prominent in  Though considered to be the original inhabitants of India, many present-day Adivasi communities formed after the decline of the  , harboring various degrees of ancestry from ancient  and  language speakers Tribal languages can be categorised into six linguistic groupings, namely  and  Adivasi studies is a new scholarly field, drawing upon archaeology, anthropology, agrarian history, environmental history, subaltern studies, indigenous studies, aboriginal studies, and developmental economics. It adds debates that are specific to the Indian context

Thank you Yogita Ingle

The term ‘adivasi’ literally means ‘original inhabitants’ – are communities who lived, and often continue to live, in close association with forests. Around 8 per cent of India’s population is Adivasi and many of India’s most important mining and industrial centres are located in Adivasi areas. Adivasis are not a homogeneous population: there are over 500 different Adivasi groups in India. Adivasi societies are also most distinctive because there is often very little hierarchy among them. This makes them radically different from communities organised around principles of jati-varna (caste) or those that were ruled by kings.

Social issues have been an important concern in modern Indian literature in general and Hindi literature in particular since its beginnings in the 19th century. In recent decades, Dalit and Adivasi literature – written by author coming from a low caste and tribal background – have emerged as important Hindi genres. Dalit and Adivasis form the economically most marginalised groups in India. Their short stories, poems and essays, as well as autobiographical texts, are regularly published in important Hindi literary journals. Some samples have begun to appear in the syllabuses of educational institutions, indicating an ongoing process of mainstreaming a new voice in Hindi. Hindi literature and language are becoming more inclusive and original, and feature challenging new voices. These developments are related to wider processes of social representation, discovery of identity and educational success. The notorious social discrimination and economic marginalisation of Adivasis and Dalits continues, but literature has become an important tool of expression for them, indicating a strengthened social identity.

Answer: (i) Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised because they are losing their lands and access to the forests. Due to these things they lose their main sources of livelihood and food.

Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized because of the following two reasons:

• They follow a different culture, language and traditions from mainstream Indian society which leads us to wrongfully classify them as exotic, primitive and backward.
• They are used to a way of life close to nature and with the cutting down of forests they are being forced to migrate to urban areas where they feel out of place and not in sync with a lifestyle so vastly different from their countryside background.

ANSWER 1. Chota Nagpur plateau lies in the eastern part of India. 2. Deccan Trap is located in the Deccan plateau. It is formed of igneous rocks. Thar desert is located in the western part of India Zanskar Range ia a range situated in Jammu and Kashmir.

The systems of cultivation of Indigo were called nij and ryoti system. In nij cultivation, the planter themselves produce indigo under his direct control while under Ryoti system, planter get indigo produced by ryot. The tropical climate is good for indigo plantation and was preferred by the cloth dyers as it produces a rich colour therefore, Britishers forces the Indian planters to cultivate it.

Tantia Tope, also spelled Tatya Tope or Tantia Topi, original name Ramchandra Panduranga, (born c. 1813–19, Pune, India—died April 18, 1859, Shivpuri), a leader of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Although he had no formal military training, he was probably the best and most effective of the rebels' generals.

Tantia Tope was a freedom fighter.

Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs.

Human resources mean humans are regarded as a resource. Humans using their mind, creativity and intelligence with the help of technology harness the resources which increases the prosperity of a country. These resources which are made by humans or harnessed by human beings are regarded as man made resources/ human resources.

Human Resources: Human beings who are healthy, educated, and mentally strong can prove to be useful for a country or community and are treated as resources themselves, called human resources.

Public sector:

1.It is controlled and managed by the government.
2.The main aim of the sector is public welfare.
3.The sector provides basic facilities like education, health, food and security to the people. For Example: Railways, Post office, BSNL.

Private sector:

1.It is controlled and managed by an individual or a group.
2.The main aim of the sector is to earn profits.
3.Private sector does not provide any service at a reasonable rate. For example: Tatas, Birlas, Reliance.

True

More than 90% of the world's population lives in about 10% of the land surface. 

bahadur shah zafar , he was in court and senteced to life imprisonment and sons were shooted in front of him

The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sons were shot dead before his eyes.

The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment (jail in Rangoon).

.

Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic “addition polymer” made from the combination of propylene monomers.

PP is used to manufacture a range of Sheet, Pipe, Compounding and Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP). With the exception of RTP where Injection Moulding is used, extrusion dominates the conversion process used for these products. Some PP is utilised by the construction sector, most notable domestic drainage pipes.

From the late nineteenth century, tea plantations started coming up and mining became an important industry. Tribals were recruited in large numbers to work at the tea plantations of Assam and the coal mines of Jharkhand.

In cities

In mountains and forest

(i)Tribal groups often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to get the goods that were not produced within the locality. 

(ii)This led to their dependence on traders and moneylenders.

(iii)Traders came around with things for sale, and sold the goods at high prices. 

(iv)Moneylenders gave loans with which the tribals met their cash needs, adding to what they earned.

Birsa Munda was born in mid - 1870s in a family of Mundas. He belonged of a poor family. He grew up around the forests of Bohonda. Forced by poverty they need to move from place to place in search of work. Birsa went to the local missionary school, and listned to the missionaries. Later Birsa also spend some time in the company of a prominent Vaishnav preacher. He wore the sacred thread, and began to value the importance of purity and piety. In 1895 Birsa urged his followers to recover their glorious past. He talked of a golden age in the past - a satyug where Mundas lived a good life.

As the movement spread the British officials decided to act. They aressted Birsa. In 1900 he died of cholera and the movement faded out.

The Birsa movement was significant in two ways:
(i)It forced the colonial government to introduce laws so that the land of the tribals could not easily be taken over by dikus.
(ii)It showed once again that the tribal people had the capacity to protest against injustice and express their anger against colonial rule. They did this in their own specific way, inventing their own rituals and symbols of struggle.

The study of practice of growing plants , fruits and vegetables

Horticulture is the branch of agriculture which deals with study of crops. It means the preparation of a bit of land  for plating seeds and raising plants. It involves cultivation, propagation, processing and marketing of ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits, nuts, flowers etc.

Horticulture is the science and art of the development, sustainable production, marketing, and use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants. Horticultural crops are diverse; they include annual and perennial species, delicious fruits and vegetables, and decorative indoor and landscape plants.

The Munda rebellion was also called the great revolt or Ulugan. The main cause was the permanent settlement. The zamindars were made the village heads and they exploited the tribals. The Mundas felt deprived of their customary right. The Munda rebellion was lead by a dynamic figure named Birsa Munda. The British declared martial law over the region and Birsa Munda along with many tribals were caputured. The govrnment was forced to enact the Chota Nagpur tenancy act which ensured the tribals their customary rights.

Munda Rebellion is one of the prominent 19th century tribal rebellions in the subcontinent. Birsa Munda led this movement in the region south of Ranchi in 1899-1900. the ulgulan, meaning 'Great Tumult', sought to establish Munda Raj and independence.

Chapter 4 geography

Many forests which supplied valuable timber were declared as reserved forests by the British. The tribals were not allowed to collect wood, fruits, hunt and practice shifting cultivation in these forests. This resulted in the loss of livelihood, poverty and hunger among the tribals. Many tribals moved out of the forests to other regions in search of work and to earn a livelihood. People who remained in the forests revolted against the unjust forest laws of the government.

Chapter 4 history

Social exclusion is a form of discrimination. It occurs when people are wholly or partially excluded from participating in the economic, social and political life of their community, based on their belonging to a certain social class, category or group.

361153 people