The first modern iron and steel factory was started at Kulti. Bengal Iron Works.Tata Iron and Steel Company Modern steel making in India began with the setting of first blast furnace of India at Kulti-Burnpur in 1870 and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works.Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate.

tradition of Orientalism

• For this, it was necessary to study Indian history, philosophy, and law. William Jones, an expert in law and a linguist, took this task. He began to study ancient Indian texts on law, philosophy, religion, morality, arithmetic, medicine and the other sciences.
• Englishmen like Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Nathaniel Halhed were also busy discovering the ancient Indian heritage, mastering Indian languages and translating Sanskrit and Persian works into English.
• Together with them, Jones set up the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and started a journal called  Asiatick Researches.
• Jones and Colebrooke shared a deep respect for the ancient culture. Both Indian and the West Indian civilisation, they felt, had attained glory in the ancient past but had subsequently declined.
• In order to understand India, it was necessary to discover the sacred and legal texts written in the ancient times.
• Jones and Colebrooke went about discovering ancient texts, understanding their meaning, translating them and making their findings known to others.
• Several company officials felt that Hindus and Muslims ought to be taught what they were already familiar with, and what they valued and treasured, instead of subjects that were alien to them.
• It was thought that this was the only way the British could win the hearts of the natives and could earn their respect.
• A  madrasa was set up in Calcutta in 1781 to promote the study of Arabic, Persian and Islamic law; and the Hindu College was established in Benaras in 1791 to encourage the study of ancient Sanskrit texts that would be useful for the administration of the country.
• Not all officials shared these views. Many were very strong in their criticism of the Orientalists.

Cross examine the witnesses

Explanation

 

<th scope="col">Roles</th> <th scope="col">Functions</th>

Police	Record the statements of witnesses, Take photographs of burnt homes, Record the evidence, Get the assaulted women medically examined, Meet the accused persons, Arrest the Fiesta fans
Public Prosecutor	Cross examine the witnesses, Argue the case for the victims, Examine the witnesses in court
Defence Lawyer	Cross examine the witnesses, Examine the witnesses in court
Judge	Write the judgment, Decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail, Pass the judgment, Conduct a fair trial

Crime is most important

FIR stands for First Information Report. The police have to file a FIR whenever a person gives information about a known offence. This information can be given to the police either orally or in writing. A FIR is necessary for the police to begin their investigations into a crime.

The FIR should mention the date, time and place of the offence, details about the offence, including a description of the events. The FIR should also state the name and address of the complainant. There is a prescribed form in which the police register an FIR and it is signed by the complainant. The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.

Any four functions of the Zila Parishad are:

1. Supervises the working of the Panchayats and the Block Samitis.
2. Acts as a link between the Panchayat and the Block Samitis.
3. Advises the State government on the working of the Panchayati Raj system.
4. Approves the budget of the Block Samitis and distributes funds among them.
5. Builds, maintains and inspects primary and secondary schools, dispensaries, health centres and hospitals.
6. Supervises the functioning of developmental programmes and is responsible for the implementation of the five-year plans.

The sources of funds for the Gram Panchayat are:

• Collection of taxes on houses, market places, etc.
• Government scheme funds received through the various departments of the government through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
• Donations for community works etc.

The Zila Parishad is an elected body. The members of the Zila Parishad are elected by people of a district. The members elect the two top office-bearers of the Zila Parishad- the President and the Vice-President. The other members of the Zila Parishad are as follows:

1. Chairpersons of the Block Samitis.
2. Members of Parliament and State Legislatures (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad).
3. Important officers such as collectors, judges, police officers.
4. Members representing the Scheduled Castes, the Schedule Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
5. Women - one-third of the total seats are reserved for them.

Panchayat Samiti or Janpad Panchayat or Block Level Panchayat

Two functions of the Panchayat Samiti are:

1. To supervise and coordinate the working of the Gram Panchayats.
2. To build hospitals and provide health services with various facilities at the community block level.

Macaulay well-known Minute on Indian Education of February 1835, Macaulay urged Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General to reform secondary education on utilitarian lines to deliver "useful learning" – a phrase that to Macaulay was synonymous with Western culture.

Availability of adequate water for irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of various regions. Many farmers because of the increased availability of water have switched over to the cultivation of water intensive commercial crops such as  jute, cotton and tea, rather than food grains such as bajra, wheat and ragi.

The changed cropping pattern has affected the ecological balance of some of the regions as increased irrigation has led to salinity of soil. This has reduced the fertility of the soil.

Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions, due to the construction of dams in the following ways : (i) The farmers have shifted water-intensive and commercial crops. (ii) It has changed the ecology by salinisation of the soil.

A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an act of Parliament. ... The former are called government bills and the latter, private member's bill. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills.

First of all, we need to identify the type of graph either it is a Population, Topographic, Weather, Political & World Maps because each type of map is studied differently.

Once the type of map is identified. Its legends are read thoroughly so that you know what symbol represents what.

You must be familiar with all the terms or features used in a map because the actual idea of map reading is to interpret the knowledge as original features on earth.

Agriculture is an activity of growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock. It is a primary activity since it directly involves in natural resources. In India, a huge number of people derive the activity from their ancestors. A large portion of India is full of highly fertile land. Moreover, India is a densely populated country and hence needs food grain production on a large scale. The monsoon climate of India is highly favourable for farming. Hence, agriculture is the main economic activity in India.

• Lifting India out of poverty and, building a modern technical and industrial base were among the major objections of the new nation.
• In 1950, the government set up a Planning Commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development.
• In 1956, the second Five year plan was formulated which focused strongly on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams.

Answer Different crops are grown in different regions because growing the crops depends on factors such as favourable topography of soil, demand of produce, type of climate, amount of rainfall, technology and labour.

S. No.	Subsistence farming	Intensive farming
1.	This type farming is done to fulfil demands of the family members. Production is limited. Old tools are used. It is found in poor countries.	This type of farming is done on a small farm using simple tools and more labour. It is found in thickly populated areas of India and China.
2.	It depends upon monsoon and the fertility of the soil.	In this type of farming irrigation is used.
3.	Since it is a 'slash and bum' and bum agriculture the farm land is left for a period of time to again its fertility.	This type of farming is done continually year after year to feed the growing polulation.

Difference between Subsistence farming and intensive fanning  

S. No.	Subsistence farming	Intensive farming
1.	This type farming is done to fulfil demands of the family members. Production is limited. Old tools are used. It is found in poor countries.	This type of farming is done on a small farm using simple tools and more labour. It is found in thickly populated areas of India and China.
2.	It depends upon monsoon and the fertility of the soil.	In this type of farming irrigation is used.
3.	Since it is a 'slash and bum' and bum agriculture the farm land is left for a period of time to again its fertility.	This type of farming is done continually year after year to feed the growing polulation.

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities
(i) Primary activities include activities, such as hunting, fishing, mining, agriculture.	(i) Secondary activities include manufacturing and constructions.
(ii)These activities concerned with are obtaining materials directly from nature. For example, fish from water or wood from trees.	(ii) These activities add value to the already existing products by changing their form, making them more suitable to satisfy our needs and wants.
(iii) Primary activities produce raw materials.	(iii) Secondary activities produce finished products,
(iv) Production of goods in primary activities depends upon natural factors.	(iv) Production of goods in secondary activities depends on technology, skill of labours and capital

 

 

 

 

 

Primary activities: primary activities are first to be done. They involve the extraction and the production of resources provided by nature .Example agriculture, fishing, gathering, lumbering and mining etc.

Secondary activities: secondary activities starts after primary activities. They involve the processing of the products of the primary activities. Example baking of bread ,making of clothes ,processing of vegetables and fruits

 Agriculture: The applied branch of biology which deals with cultivation of plants and rearing of animals is called agriculture. Generally, the art or practice of cultivating land is referred as agriculture. The branch of agriculture which deals with food, health and management of animals is known as animal husbandry.  

Various Agricultural Practices:

          (i)  Preparation of soil

          (ii)  Sowing

          (iii)  Adding manure and fertilizers

          (iv)  Irrigation

          (v)  Protection from weeds

          (vi)  Harvesting

Agriculture: cultivating soil; planting; raising, and harvesting crops; rearing, feeding, and managing animals. Aquaculture: raising private aquatic animals (fish) Floriculture: growing flowering plants. Horticulture: growing fruits, vegetables, and plants. Maple syrup harvesting.

The reformers used the ancient texts to convince people about the need for abolishing certain social evils like widow burning, caste distinctions, child marriage, etc. They believed that if they take the help of the ancient religious texts to support their ideas, it will surely put an impact on people's minds. Thus they used quotation from ancient texts to give weight to their arguments.

How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws? Answer: The reformers used the ancient texts to convince people about the need for abolishing certain social evils like widow burning, caste distinctions, child marriage, etc.

Why

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Land:  All of us live on land. We need land for agriculture. We need land for making houses, factories, roads, railways, etc. We cannot imagine of a life without land. Land is considered an important resource.

Water: Human beings use water for a variety of purposes; like drinking, bathing and washing. Water is also used in production of various things for our use. Moreover, water is used in agriculture, industries and in electricity generation.

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There is no question that Earth has been a giving planet. Everything humans have needed to survive, and thrive, was provided by the natural world around us: food, water, medicine, materials for shelter, and even natural cycles such as climate and nutrients

Land Revenue System What is Land Revenue? Definition of land revenue: Land revenue is tax or revenue levied on agricultural production on land. It is either collected as a percentage of the share of total crop or a monetary value is fixed on the land to be paid by the farmer. It has been the major source of revenue for empires. Land Revenue System Under Mughals Before the Britishers, the land revenue system in major parts of India was based on Mughal land revenue system. The land revenue system under Mughals can be divided into following three categories Ghalla Bakshi (crop sharing) also known as Batai and Bhaoli. Abu Fazal in his Ain-i-Akbari has described three methods of crops sharing, they are: Khet Batai: In this method, the standing crop was divided by dividing the field between the share of the ruler and the farmer. Lang Batai: In this system, the harvested crops were divided without the separation of grains from it. Division of grains at the threshing floor after the grain from the crop has been obtained. The division was on the basis of an agreement. The crops sharing method was expensive as the state had to employ a large number of employees for the division of the crops. However, it was referred as the best method of revenue assessment system and Collection. Kankut/ Dambandi: The word Kan means grain and Kat means to estimate, while the word Dam means grain and Bandi means fixing anything. In this method, the field was measured and then, per bigha productivity of good, middle and bad land was determined by an estimation. The revenue demand was based on this estimation. Zabti or Dhasala system: This land revenue system was initially started by Sher Shah Suri and later adopted and modified by Akbar. In this system, the land was divided into four types as per the continuity and discontinuity of cultivation. Polaj: The land which was annually cultivated without any discontinuity of cultivation. Parudi: The land which was left uncultivated for some time to regain fertility. Chachar: These lands were left uncultivated for three to four years. Bankar: These lands were left uncultivated for more than five years or even longer. Akbar appointed 'Karori to measure the actual produce, prices, and productivity of the land. On the basis of the information by Karoris, the average production and prices of crops were fixed by taking into account the estimation of last 10 years. One-third of the crop production was states minimum share. In general, under all systems, states share varied between one-third to two-thirds and even three-fourth in some cases. Land Revenue System Under British British got Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765. The major aim of British East India Company was to increase their land revenue collection. So its policies were aimed at getting maximum income from land without caring about its consequences on cultivators and peasants. They introduced the policy of revenue collection by abandoning the age-old system of revenue administration. The entire burden of Company s profits, cost of its administration and expenses on wars and conquests were mainly borne by the peasants. Permanent Settlement System Also known as Jagirdari, Malguzari or Bizwedari, it was introduced in the 19% of total area under British rule. This was implemented in states of Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Northern Carnatic and Banaras divisions after the failure of revenue farming system in Bengal in which the right to collect revenue was given to the highest bidder which was introduced by Lord Warren Hastings. In 1790 under Lord Cornwallis, a 10-year revenue settlement was made with the Zamindars and they were recognized as the owners of the land who could mortgage or sell the land, from being just the agent of the government for revenue collection. In 1793, this was converted into a permanent settlement and zamindari system was made hereditary and the land was made transferable. The tenants were now at the mercy of zamindars and their customary rights were sacrificed. The zamindars had to pay 10/11th of rent taken from the peasant to the company and keep only 1/11th of revenue for themselves. This resulted in illegal extortions from peasants by the zamindars. One may note here that the state's share of revenue was fixed and no limit was kept on revenue collected by zamindar from the cultivator. In the very first year of its adoption, the company's revenues rose by 80%. Reasons for Adopting the Permanent Settlement Due to the failure of the 'farming system' adopted by Lord Warren Hastings a new system of land revenue was required. The permanent settlement was to ensure a stable and fixed income for the company. To reduce the expenses of the Company on periodic revenue settlements and land assessments. It was also to end the corruption by the officials in revenue assessments. To reduce the burden of revenue collection on the company and to create a loyal group of zamindars whose interests were aligned to the continuation of British Raj. The company thought that fixed rates would increase investments in agriculture by the zamindars and company could benefit from the taxes from increased trade and commerce. Impact of Land Revenue System Under Permanent Settlement As the land revenue was going to be permanently fixed, the company fixed the rates arbitrarily high (10/11th of total collection) much higher than the past rates. This placed a high burden on the zamindars which were ultimately borne by the peasants. Peasants were left at the mercy of zamindars as no rules were made for revenue collection by zamindars. The property rights of peasants suffered and they faced evictions and 'begar . It led to the growth of new landlords as the property was now transferable and those zamindars who could not pay rents, their lands were auctioned. It also led to the growth of a system of absentee landlordism. These zamindars were interested only to maximize their revenue collection and had no interest in the investments in agriculture. A new class of landless cultivators, agricultural coolies on one hand and money lenders on the other was now created. High revenue demand and harsh methods of collection, eventually led to frequent land transfers which didn't benefit zamindars either. Company's revenue collection also fell as agricultural output declined. By 1770's Bengal witnessed famines. Ryotwari System Ryotwari system was adopted in 51% of the total area under British rule that is in state of Malabar, Coimbatore, Madras, Assam, and Madurai and later it was extended to Maharashtra and East Bengal. It was introduced on the recommendations of British officials Reed and Sir Thomas Munro. The state demand was fixed in cash and had no connection with actual yields. Besides, the revenue fixed was one of the highest in modern period, at 55 percent. Under this system, the taxes were directly collected by the government. It established a direct relationship between the government and the ryot (cultivator). Farmers had the right to sell, mortgage and lease the land but had to pay their taxes on time. If they failed to pay taxes, they were evicted from the land. Later on, the government went on to claim that the land revenue was rent and not a tax. This negated the ownership rights of farmers. The government fixed the tax rates for temporary periods of around 20 to 30 years after which land revenue was revised. But the government retained the rights to increase the land revenue anytime at its own will. Reasons for the Adoption of Ryotwari System The British officials believed that there are no zamindars or feudal lords with large estates in these areas. So it was difficult for the British to implement the zamindari system. The government revenues were fixed in the permanent settlement so it could not gain from the rise in prices. Moreover, the government felt that the revenue was being unnecessarily shared with the zamindars which reduced its profits. The zamindari system was oppressive for the peasants and led to frequent agrarian revolts. The government wanted to avoid these situations. It also hoped that by introducing ryotwari system, the purchasing power of peasants would increase, which would increase the demands for British goods in India. Impact of Land Revenue System Under Ryotwari System The peasants did not benefit from this land revenue system and felt that smaller zamindars we are replaced by one giant zamindar, the British government . The farmers were forced to pay land revenue even during the famines otherwise they were forced to evict the land. Further, the land revenue was very high, between 45% to 55% in different areas, which led to the impoverishment of farmers. A major drawback of this system was over assessment of crop yields. The system of tenancy and landlordism still existed as the artisans who were now unemployed, worked as tenants for rich farmers. In the several districts, more than two third of the total agricultural land was leased. The government insisted the peasants grow cash crops which required higher investments. It led to the indebtedness of farmers and when prices declined they suffered the most. For example, when the prices of cotton declined after the end of American Civil War the peasants suffered the most. This created conditions ripe for rebellion that came in the form of Deccan Agrarian riots in 1875. Mahalwari System The Mahalwari system was introduced in around 30% of total area under British rule. It was a modified version of zamindari system. It was introduced in the Gangetic valley, major parts of North West Frontier province, Punjab and in Central provinces. In these areas, more than often there was a system of collective land holdings by the heads of the families or the landlords. The village community mainly included the group of elders, mainly from the higher castes. The revenue settlement was made with the Mahal (a village or a group of villages). The taxes were imposed collectively on the members of the community. These taxes were revised periodically. The taxes were distributed between the individual farmers who paid their share in the tax revenue. However, the ownership rights of lands were with the individual peasants, who could mortgage or sell his land. Impacts of Land Revenue System Under Mahalwari System As the areas covered under the Mahalwari system in Northern India were fertile, the government put the revenue demands between 50% to 75% of the crop production. Within subsequent generations, the lands were fragmented, but the revenue demand was still high which had to be paid in cash. This led to their indebtedness in the hands of money lenders. Further, this system led to the eviction of farmers from the land. Due to this sub-leasing of land was more common in Mahalwari areas. British revenue systems therefore led to the impoverishment of peasantry. by making land a transferable property, the British facilitated rise of absentee landlords, oppressive moneylenders and pushed the peasant further into misery.

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Orientation is the process of bringing employees up to speed on organisational policies, job roles and responsibilities and other organisational attributes and concepts that will help them transition efficiently into the position.

. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. Spanning nearly 32,000 square miles, Lake Superior is not only the largest freshwater lake in the world (by surface area) but it is also one of the largest lakes in the world, second only to the Caspian Sea.

Human resources are important because the development of other resources solely depends upon this resource as humans have knowledge, skill, and technology to develop other resources.

The Indian society  was trapped in absurd customs like Sati,  Slavery ,female foeticide centuries., ignorance, superstitious beliefs , discrimination through caste system etc which were the hurdles for it's development and also were the bigger causes for its colonisation by Britishers .The enlightenment in the latter years gave birth to mass awakening against the British oppression and evil customs.To clean Indian society from every ignorance the social reformers started various movements in India.

Weak should give 2 hrs per day.. medium should give 1.30 hrs per day and easy should give 45 mins or 1 hour per day It's depends on u that you're weak medium or easy in SST

If you weak in social science you have to give 1-2 hour per day, if you are not weak in add social science then you have to give 1 hour per day.

(a) Shifting Cultivation: • Shifting cultivation is practiced in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast Asia and Northeast India. These are the areas of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. • A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. When soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. • Shifting cultivation is also known as 'slash and burn' agriculture. • It is known by different names in the world – Jhuming in North-Eastern States of India, Milpa in Mexico, Roca in Brazil, Ladang in Malaysia and Ray in Vietnam.

 

(b) Nomadic Herding: • Nomadic herding is practiced in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. • In this type of farming, Herder does not grow any fodder but move from one place to another with their animals for fodder and water, along defined routes. • Sheep, Camel, Yak and Goats are most commonly reared. They provide milk, meat, wool and other products to the herders and their families.