These places do not have the same duration of day and night. The circle of illumination divides the Equator into two equal parts. The days and nights are, therefore, of the same duration at the equator. As Kanyakumari is quite near the equator, the day-night difference is hardly one hour there. But as we move away from the equator towards the poles, the variations in the duration of day and night becomes greater. It is because of the unequal division of the parallels of latitude by the circle of illumination. Kashmir is over 30° away from the equator and so the difference in duration of day and night is over four hours there.

India has a central system but with a variation. It is known as unique because;

i) Constitution of India has various characteristics of a federation consolidated with the components of a unitary state.

ii) India can also be defined as a federation but at the same time, it can be also said to be a very powerful central government.

iii) The Indian constitution is drafted and flexible which distributes powers between the state and the central government.

iv) There is a nonpartisan judiciary which deciphers the laws and resolves the disputes.

Capitalism : The economic system in which means of production are in the hands of private entrepreneurs is called capitalism. The management, ownership and control of productive activities are in private hands. They produce goods and services for the profit motive.

(i) Elected representative: In democracy representatives elected by the people make laws and frame policies of the government.

(ii) Elections are held to elect the representatives: All adult citizens have the right to participate (vote) in .the elections. Elections should be free and fair and must be held at regular intervals. Citizens who have reached a certain age (in India, it is 25 years for election to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies) are allowed to contest elections.

(iii) Civil liberties: An important characteristic of democracy is that it grants top civil liberties to the citizens. They enjoy freedoms of speech, expression, and information. Citizens have a right to form, join or quit an association. It includes the right to form political party.

(iv) Rule of law: Another characteristic of democracy is that it ensures rule of law. Law is supreme and all the citizens are equal in the eyes of law. No one is above law.

(v) Independent judiciary: Independence of Judiciary is an essential characteristic of democracy. Judiciary must be free from any control of the executive or the legislature. Judges must be honest and should deliver justice impartially.

The people were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s due to following reasons:
(i) The dissatisfaction with British rule intensified in 1870s and 1880s.
(ii) The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing arms
(iii) In the same year the Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government.
The Act allowed the government to confiscate the assets of news- papers published anything that was found objectionable

Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India. The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial.

Sedition Act was passed in the year 1870.

The Sedition Act, allowed the government to arrest or detain any person without a fair trial in the court who was seen protesting or criticizing the British authority. 

 This was an example of arbitrary use of power by the British, as it authorized them to arrest person without evidence who was possibly seen as stirring up a rebellion.

 Under this act, people were arrested without being told the reason for their arrest and were kept in prisons without a trial.