People elect their representatives to the Parliament, then, one group from among these elected representatives forms the government. The Parliament, which is made up of all representatives together, controls and guides the government. In this sense people, through their chosen representatives, form the government and also control it.

Regional parties participate in the elections through-
1. Criticising the political parties.
2. Passing laws considering the needs of the regional people.
3. Contesting regional elections and giving a chance to all the people at grassroot level.

• Question Hour is the first hour of a Lok Sabha session where the members ask questions to the government. ‘Zero Hour’ is the session that is held after the ‘Question Hour’.

• While the Question Hour is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure, the Zero Hour is not mentioned.

• A member has to give ten days’ notice for a question to be asked in the Question Hour. During Zero Hour, members may raise any kind of question without any permission or prior notice.

The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components present in a particular area is called an ecosystem. The abiotic components include sunlight, water, soil, air, etc., and the biotic components include the different plants and animals found in an area, e.g., lake, forest, grassland, lions, deer, etc.

The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components present in a particular area is called an ecosystem. The abiotic components include sunlight, water, soil, air, etc., and the biotic components include the different plants and animals found in an area, e.g., lake, forest, grassland, lions, deer, etc.

The term ‘Collective Responsibility’ means that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Parliament. In other words, all the ministers are equally responsible for any decision which is taken by the Cabinet.

<th>BASIS FOR COMPARISON</th> <th>LOK SABHA</th> <th>RAJYA SABHA</th>

Meaning	Lok Sabha is the House of People, where people who are eligible to vote can elect their representative by way of direct elections.	Rajya Sabha is the Council of States, where the representatives are indirectly elected by the elected representative of the Assembles of States and UnionTerritories.
Permanency	The operation of Lok Sabha continues for 5 years, unless dissolved earlier.	It is a permanent body.
Maximum number of members	552 Members	250 Members
Minimum age for being a member	25 years	30 years
Introduction of Money Bill	Only in Lok Sabha	After the bill is approved in the Lok Sabha it is sent to the Rajya Sabha for consideration.
Representative	Speaker	Vice President of India

Political parties are group of people having same thoughts

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes. ... The spark that led to a mutiny in several sepoy companies was the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February, 1857. A rumour was spread that the cartridges were made from cow and pig fat.

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Western and eastern civilisation and by using machines and synthetic dyes.

They offered cash in advance at low interest rate, if they will grow indigo. Besides, they will get the seeds and drill. 

All they have to do is look after it, sow it, and prepare the soil for the indigo. 

The planters told this to persuade the peasants. 

The labor was the big problem as they needed bullocks to plough the field.

• The constant flow of wealth from India to England for which India did not get an adequate economic, commercial or material return has been described by Indian national leaders and economists as ‘drain’ of wealth from India. The colonial government was utilizing Indian resources- revenues, agriculture, and industry not for developing India but for its utilization in Britain. If  these resources been utilised within India then they could have been invested and the income of the people would have increased.
• The drain of wealth was interpreted as an indirect tribute extracted by imperial Britain from India year after year.

The drain of wealth was the portion of India's wealth and economy that was not available to Indians. In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji put forward the 'drain of wealth' theory in which he stated that the Britain was completely draining India. He mentioned this theory in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.

The Carnatic Wars (also spelled Karnatic Wars) were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India. The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals, struggles for succession and territory, and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. They were mainly fought within the territories of Mughal India with the assistance of various fragmented polities loyal to the "Great Moghul". As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India. The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry. The East India Company's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj.

The Carnatic War war series of battles forget between the English and the friends for the control of the trading trading port of India during the year 1746 to 1763

Shah Alam II, ruled the Mughal Empire from 1759 to 1806. He was one of Aurangzeb’s successors. Shah Alam suffered the invasion of Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 and consequently granted the 'Diwani' of Bengal to the British East India Company, in 1765. The emperor also accepted the protection of the Company in 1803.

The East India Company became the Diwan of Bengal on 12^th August 1765.

During the rule of the Mughal Empire, the Diwan served as the chief revenue officer of a province.

In 1765 the company finally appointed as the diwan of provinces of bengal when company become diwani the outflow of gold was slowed after the battle of plassey and stopped afor assumption of diwani import from britain

It means a government having more than one level. For ex. India has three tier system so it is a federal country.

Crticise

Criticise or crticize

Tipu sultan

Tipu sultan was known as tiger of mysore because he fought the war with tiger and he wins the war

Tipu sultan ?

Tipu sultan?

Fateh ali tipu sultan

Tipu sultan

Tipu sultan

Tipu sultan is called the tiger if mysore. It was said that he had been in a jungle with his French friend he had came across a tiger his gun did not work and his dagger fell from his hand. So, he fought the battle against tiger by hand. After he reaches out for the dagger he killed the tiger

Tipu sultan

Tippy Sultan

Tipu sultan called as tiger of mysore

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(i) It has the power to superintend and control all subordinate courts. (ii) It can issue 1 rule regulating the working of subordinate courts. (iii) It can ask for the details of the proceedings from subordinate courts. (iv) It can transfer any case from one court to another and can even transfer the case to itself and decide the same. (v) It has the power to investigate or enquire into the record or other connected documents of any court subordinate to it. (vi) Each High Court has the power to appoint its administration staff and determine their salaries, allowances and other conditions of service. (vii) The appointment, promotion and posting of the district judges is made by the Governor in consultation with the High Courts. .

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Deforestation refers to the removal of forest cover where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. The loss of the forest cover results change in the climatic condition and also affects the biodiversity which in turn threatens the life of the people. Deforestation comes in many forms, including forest fires, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, clear-cutting for agriculture, and degradation due to climate change. Some 46 to 58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year due to deforestation.

Poaching means illegal hunting of wildlife to obtain fur,leather, tusks etc

Thir maka laoda

Poaching means the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights.

Are classified into three types of herbivorous carnivorous and omnivorous .The animal eat only green plants to get energy is known as herbivorous .The animal which depend on other animal to get food is known as carnivorous . The animal which eat both plant and animals is known as omnivorous.

Animals are classified into three categories Herbivores Carnivorous Omnivores

The Claim to Paramountcy

The British East India Company pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion from the early eighteenth century.

<font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;"><font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">Lord Hastings was the first Governor General of India from 1813.</font></font></font></font>

 

• <font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;"><font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">Under Lord Hasting a new policy of "paramountcy" was introduced in India.
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• <font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;"><font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">Under this policy the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.
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• <font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;"><font face="Verdana"><font style="text-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 0px 1px 1px; user-select: initial !important; line-height: 1.5em; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: roboto, sans-serif !important;">The company annexed many Indian Kingdoms.</font></font></font></font>

The Indian Constitution contains Fundamental Rights. These rights are very important because they protect us against State power as well as against the tyranny of the majority. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. Thus, our Constitution gives religious freedom to all and to maintain it India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism is, in fact, the separation of religion from the State

Non-interenference of state government on the basis of religion is known as secularism. Under it state government cannot establish one religion

In lok sabha the elected representatives were elected by the people while in rajya sabha the elected representatives were elected by mla s and ministers

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Christian missionaries had set up schools for the children of tribals and lower castes in various parts of the country. They were also involved in reform activities as they denounced caste system, sati and advocated education of girls. They were opposed by the orthodox section of the society as they believed that they were trying to interfere in their religious matters. Many people also believed that the ultimate motive of the Christian missionaries was to convert the people into Christianity. Thus, they were attacked mainly be conservative section of people in the society.

Christian missionaries were supported by many progressive Indians like the reformers and the intellectuals who wanted the Indian society to reform. Many people who had benefitted from the reform activities of the missionaries like the people belonging to various tribes and lower castes also supported them.

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