• Be intolerant of intolerance. 
• Seek out marginalized voices and perspectives. 
• Confront your racism and don't be fragile. 
• Use your privilege to support marginalized movements. 
• Give your time and money. 
• Be proactive about inclusion in your daily life. 
• Avoid segregation. 
• Do the work to be inclusive.

Metals are important in present day India because of the following reasons:

(a) Metals like iron, steel, aluminum etc are very important for the survival as all the infrastructure or development of the country is directly depends on these metals.

(b) They make up over 80% of all the elements in existence. They are not only structurally important but are also chemically important.

Since, during World War 1 britishers cannot export steel from India and thus cannot produce steel products in their own country as the supply from India was cutted as in wars boats and ships were destroyed. They can't import steel to their home country. Thus TISCO used the opportunity and started production of steel and this led to produce steel products in India. Similarly, many other sectors got opportunity to meet the demand of India's population. At that time many other industries growed in India and TISCO was the best example of that time which growed to the highest level.

Subsistence Farming: When farming is done to meet the needs of the farmer’s family, it is called subsistence farming. In subsistence farming, low levels of technology and household labour are generally utilised. Farming is done on smaller plots and output is also small. Subsistence farming can be further categorized as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

1. Intensive Subsistence Farming: In this type of farming, the farmer cultivates on a small plot of land. He uses simple tools and more labour. Places which have fertile soils and where the climate allows a large number of days with sunshine are suitable for this type of farming. In favourable climates, farmers are able to grow more than one crop in a year. Rice is the main crop in this type of farming. However, wheat, maize, pulses and oilseeds are also grown. This type of farming is prevalent in densely populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southeast and east Asia.
2. Primitive Subsistence Farming: Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding come under this type of farming.
   • Shifting Cultivation: In shifting cultivation, a small patch of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. Then the ashes are mixed with the soil and seeds are broadcast. After a couple of years, the patch of the land is left fallow and the farmer moves on in search of a new patch of land. Shifting cultivation is practiced in thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of southeast Asia and Northeast India.
   • Nomadic Herding: In this type of farming, cattle, sheep, goat and camel are reared. The herdsmen move from place to place with their animals in search of new pastures. Nomadic herding is practiced in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some parts of India (like Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir).

Agro- based industries are those industries which use agricultural products as raw materials. For example, cotton textiles and jute industries are agro based industries.

The Sedition Act, allowed the government to arrest or detain any person without a fair trial in the court who was seen protesting or criticizing the British authority.
This was an example of arbitrary use of power by the British, as it authorized them to arrest person without evidence who was possibly seen as stirring up a rebellion.
Under this act, people were arrested without being told the reason for their arrest and were kept in prisons without a trial.

The fort Gloster is located near Kolkata.

The first textile mill in the country was established at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818, but it was closed down after some time.

Aurang is a Persian term for a warehouse - a place where goods are collected before being sold. The word also refers to a workshop for finished goods.

Governor-general, official set over a number of other officers, each of whom holds the title of governor or lieutenant governor. An alternative term sometimes used is governor in chief. The office has been used by most colonial powers but is perhaps best known among the countries of the Commonwealth.

Governor-general, official set over a number of other officers, each of whom holds the title of governor or lieutenant governor. An alternative term sometimes used is governor in chief. The office has been used by most colonial powers but is perhaps best known among the countries of the Commonwealth.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

1. The lengthiest Constitution in the world : The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.

2. Parliamentary form of Government :The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.

3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility :It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.

4. Fundamental Rights : The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic 
State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.

5. Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) : The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.

6. A federation with strong centralising tendency : The most remarkable feature of the Indian Constitution is that being a federal Constitution it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. During the proclamation of emergency the normal distribution of powers between Centre and State undergoes a vital change. The union parliament is empower to legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list. The financial arrangements between the Centre and State can also be altered by the Union Government.

7. Adult Suffrage : The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been given the right to elect representatives for the legislature. 
 
8. An Independent Judiciary : An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.

9. A Secular State : A Secular State has no religion of its own as recognised religion of State. It treats all religions equally. Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution give concrete shape to this concept of secularism. It guarantees to every person the freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. In a Secular state, the state only regulate the relationship between man and man.

10. Single Citizenship : The American constitution provides for dual citizenship, i.e., the citizen of America and a state citizenship. But in India there is only one citizenship, i.e., Citizen of India. No state citizenship like citizen of Assam, Citizen of Delhi. Every Indian is Citizen of India and enjoy the same rights of 
citizenship no matter in what state he resides.

William Jones was a British scholar and Henry Thomas Colebrooke was a British official living in Calcutta, both were interested in studying ancient Indian Texts. They both set up an Asiatic Society of Bengal and started a journal called Asiatic Researches.

• The main purpose of the Asiatic Society was to collect the old manuscripts of India.

• They collected Sanskrit manuscripts.

• They wanted to establish a society for Asiatic studies.

• The memorandum of articles of the Asiatic society was that all the investigations will be in the geographical limits of Asia, and within these limits, its enquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by the man or produced by nature.

• The members were elected through ballot voting.

• At present, the library has a collection of 117,000 books and 79,000journals.

In June 1945 Sukarno, the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or pancasila, on which future institutions were to be founded. Panchsheel means mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. Mutual non-aggression. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Equality and mutual benefit.

No resource can be utilised without the intervention of people. It is the people who add value to a resource. Hence, people are considered as a resource.

D. K. Basu Guidelines are the specific requirements and procedures laid down by the Supreme Court of India for the police and other agencies to follow during the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person.

Some of these guidelines include:

• The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name tags with their designations.
• A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be counter-signed by the person arrested.
• The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or well wisher.
• When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.

he establishment of the British Empire in the 18th century and the subsequent westernization of India paved the way for a radical change of artistic taste, and a new style of art and architecture emerged.As a whole, the European advent was marked by a relative insensitivity to native art traditions; former Indian patrons of art became less wealthy and influential, and Western art became more ubiquitous .The fusion of Indian traditions with European style at this time became evident in architectural styles; as with the Mughals, architecture under European colonial rule became an emblem of power designed to endorse the occupying power.The Indo-Saracenic Revival was an architectural style and movement in the late 19th century, where public and government buildings were often rendered on an intentionally grand scale.

Two Fundamental Rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity as equals can be as follows:

• Right to Equality
• Right Against Exploitation

Back in the 1920s, the Congress had promised to create linguistic states after the independence. But the partition of the country along communal lines changed the mindset of the nationalist leaders. They wanted to prevent further divisions in the country on sectarian lines. Nehru and Sardar Patel were against the creation of linguistic states.

But people from many parts of India began their demand for creation of states based on languages. The strongest protests came from the Telugu speaking districts of the Madras Presidency. Nehru was shown black flags when he went there to campaign for the general elections of 1952.

Potti Sriramulu: In October of 1952, a Gandhian leader Potti Sriramulu went on a fast onto death to demand the formation of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu speakers. After fifty eight days into his fast, Potti Sriramulu died on 15 December 1952. This sparked large scale violence and protests. The government had to concede to the demand and the new state of Andhra Pradesh was created on 1 October 1953.

Creation of more states: After the creation of Andhra Pradesh, demands from other linguistic groups came cropping up. A State Reorganisation Commission was set up to look into the matter. The Commission submitted its repots in 1956. Based on its recommendations; the states of Assam, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka were created. The large Hindi-speaking region of the north was also broken up into several states. Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana in 1966.