A chronicle is a record  of the rule of kings and life at the court. Some important chronicles of the medieval period are:

1. Rajatarangini by kalhana is a history of the kings of Kashmir.
2. Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi by Zia-ud-din Barani which describes the history of the Sultans of Delhi till the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
3. Khazainul-Futuh and Tughlaqnama by Amir Khusrau deal with the reign of Khaljis and Tughluqs.

It means that every person, from the President of the country to a normal person has to obey the same laws. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, etc. Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops, and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
Equality is the soul of democracy. We know that democracy is a form of government which gives equal importance and recognition to all. If inequalities on the basis of race, religion, caste, etc. continue to exist, democracy would never flourish. Instead, it would perish very soon.

By the term “all persons are equal before the law” we understand that the law applies to everyone irrespective of their class, caste or gender and the law expects everyone to treat others as equal.

The pillars of democracy refer to the intellectual foundations that support the philosophy of democracy. The four pillars of democracy are equity(Executive), representation(Legislature), freedom(Media), and justice(Judiciary). The pillars of freedom are Speech, Religion, the Press, and Assembly.

The Voting Rights Act (1965) made it illegal to do anything that might limit the number of people able to vote. Some states had used a literacy test to try and prevent black people from voting as many black people had limited access to education. The Fair Housing Act (1968) banned discrimination in housing

1. The atmosphere acts as a blanket by trapping terrestrial radiation and keeping the warm. It ensures that there is the correct amount of heat required for life to exist.
2. The atmosphere blocks harmful ultra-violet radiations to reach Earth.
3. The atmosphere contains oxygen, the gas living beings need to breathe to stay alive.
4. The moisture it contains is an essential part of the water cycle.
5. Green plants need the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere for making food.
6. Nitrogen is required for the fertility of soil and is vital for plants.

Functions of Opposition party
(1) To check the government from becoming authoritarian and to restrict its powers, the opposition parties keep a watch over them.
(2) The main duty of the opposition party is to criticize the policies of the government.
(3) Outside the legislature the opposition parties attract the attention of the press and report their criticism of the government policy in the news papers.
(4)  The opposition parties have the right to check the expenditure of the government also.
(5) During the question hour, the opposition parties criticism the government generally

Urbanization is a word for becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. This is called urbanization. Maybe tall apartment buildings spring up on what had been the outskirts of town, bringing more people there to live and work.

Vidhan Parishad or the Legislative Council is the upper house in the six states that have a bicameral legislature. In case of unicameral states, there is no Vidhan Parishad. The layout of the Vidhan Parishad is similar to the Rajya Sabha.

The Vidhan Parishad has certain powers and procedures. The Vidhan Parishad elects a Chairman and Deputy Chairman. In reality, Vidhan Parishad is considered to be weaker in certain matters in comparison to Vidhan Sabha. A bill passed has more weight with the Vidhan Sabha, while the Vidhan Parishad can only delay the bill for a maximum of four months. The Vidhan Parishad does not have any powers regarding passing the money bills. The Vidhan Parishad does not have a vote of confidence, which means it cannot remove a government from office. The Vidhan Parishad is created to have a guiding influence on the Vidhan Sabha rather than prove its rival. The Vidhan Parishad plays a helping role to the Vidhan Sabha.

So, both have their own importance but Vidhan Sabha has more powers than Vidhan Parishad. 

No modern state is known as a sultanate of a specific sultan or ruler. However the word king and kingdom is still used in some countries like Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ruled by King Abdullah. Sultan ruled a limited land while king was the ruler of a huge kingdom.

Babur gave a description of India as well in his biography. He has written about the kings and political events in India. He wrote- “Hindustan is a country of a few charms. Its people have no good looks, no good manners, no genius or capacity. Ibrahim Lodi died during the battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty.  After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga.

The radius of the Earth is 6371 km. It has an average density of 5.5 g/cm3. The structure of the Earth's upper mantle can be derived from seismic waves. The main layers of earth consists of the crust, the mantle and the core.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was pitched in under leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress from September 1920 to February 1922, marking a new awakening in the Indian Independence Movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It aimed to resist British rule in India through non-violent means or "satyagraha".

1.Hydrosphere (Water): *The hydrosphere includes all the gaseous, liquid, and solid water of the planet earth.

* The hydrosphere stretches all the way from the Earth’s surface downward numerous miles into the lithosphere and high above the crust into the atmosphere.

2.Biosphere (Living Things):*All the living things in the planet are categorized under the biosphere.

*In this view, the biosphere includes all of the animals, plants, and microorganisms of earth.

*Humans as well belong to this group.

3.Lithosphere (Land) *The lithosphere is made up of all the hard and solid land mass on the earth’s surface, the semi-solid rocks (molten materials) underneath the earth crust, and the liquid rocks in the inner core of the earth.

*The surface of the lithosphere is uneven as it is characterized by various landform features.

4.Atmosphere (Air)

*All the air in the atmosphere makes up the atmosphere.

*The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and other gasses (about 1%) such as carbon dioxide (0.039%), argon (0.93%) and the rest are trace gases (krypton, neon, helium , and xenon).

With the devlopment of technology humans have devised new and fast modes of communication. Satellites have added to the evolution increasing interconnectivity of people,services and institutions.There bythe countries have come closer making the world into a large global society.

The elections are held by dividing the whole country or a State into a number of representative areas called constituencies. Thus, a constituency is a fixed area with a body of voters or residents with strong voting rights. There are separate constituencies each for Assembly elections and Parliamentary elections.

To gain acceptance, the new dynasties performed religious customs and took on new titles. It helped to make them part of kshtriyas and involved in war to declare their power and shape kingdoms for themselves.