In the ninth century, Pandyan king <i>Shrimara Shrivallabha </i>invaded Sri Lanka and defeated king <i>Sena I </i>and took with him jewels, gold, and precious wealth of temples, especially a huge golden statue of Buddha.

Functions of Opposition party
(1) To check the government from becoming authoritarian and to restrict its powers, the opposition parties keep a watch over them.
(2) The main duty of the opposition party is to criticize the policies of the government.
(3) Outside the legislature the opposition parties attract the attention of the press and report their criticism of the government policy in the news papers.
(4)  The opposition parties have the right to check the expenditure of the government also.
(5) During the question hour, the opposition parties criticism the government generally 

• In 1236 Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan. The chronicler of the age, Minhaj-i Siraj, recognised that she was more capable and trained than all her brothers.
• But he was not comfortable at having a queen as ruler. Nor were the nobles happy at her attempts to rule independently. She was removed from the throne in 1240.
• Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote that since Raziya did not come under the register of men, but was an able administrator, under what account would God classify her.

The word environment has its roots in the French word Environer / Environner which means neighbourhood.

SO, option (b) is correct answer

Both Omprakash Valmiki and Ansaris were subjected to discrimination. Omprakash was not allowed to sit with other students in the classroom and was made to sweep the school and the playground only because he was a dalit. Similarly, the Ansaris were not given a flat in a locality where lived the people belonging to religion other than theirs. The moment the landlady came to know about their names, she declined to rent the house. In both the cases the dignity of a person is violated.

Language is always changing. We've seen that language changes across space and across social group. Language also varies across time.
Generation by generation, pronunciations evolve, new words are borrowed or invented, the meaning of old words drifts, and morphology develops or decays. The rate of change varies, but whether the changes are faster or slower, they build up until the "mother tongue" becomes arbitrarily distant and different. After a thousand years, the original and new languages will not be mutually intelligible. After ten thousand years, the relationship will be essentially indistinguishable from chance relationships between historically unrelated languages.

• Members of the Legislative Assembly divide their time between their constituencies and their work in the Assembly. MLAs duties will vary, depending on whether he/she is a Member of Cabinet, a Member of the Opposition, or a Government Backbencher.
• Opposition Members spend much of their time researching and asking questions in the House regarding their constituencies and critic areas. Both Opposition Members and Government Backbenchers present Petitions, Resolutions, and Private Members' Bills to the House.
• MLAs who are Ministers of the Crown (Cabinet Members) spend much of their time overseeing the operations of their assigned departments. Cabinet Ministers must be prepared to answer questions from the Opposition, put forward Government Bills, and deal with the Estimates and Annual Reports of their departments.
• MLAs also serve as Members of various committees.  Committee membership is allocated to the political parties in approximately the same proportion as their representation in the House.
• Constituents encountering problems within their division, or having problems dealing with government departments, agencies, etc. often refer to their MLA for assistance.  Much of an MLA's time is spent handling their constituents’ individual problems, answering questions and concerns, and keeping aware of the prevailing opinion of the constituency.
• MLAs keep in touch with their constituents by personal contact, by phone, in writing, through meetings, and by the two annual household mailings they are entitled to send.

Judgement, an alternative spelling for judgment, is defined as an opinion or a decision given by a legal court. An example of judgement is someone with body piercings being thought of as irresponsible. An example of judgement is someone receiving a life sentence for committing a murder. In law, a judgment, also spelled judgement, is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.

The word environment means Neighborhood.

The word environment has its roots in the French word Environer / Environner which means neighbourhood. People, places, things and nature that surround any living organism are called environment.

Granite is an example of intrusive igneous rocks.

• The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle.
• It is in a solid state.
• It has a density higher than the crust portion.
• The thickness ranges from 10-200 km.
• The mantle extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.

. Mantle: It is the layer that lies below the crust. The thickness of mantle is 2,900 kilometres.

The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84% of Earth's total volume.

The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km.

Atmosphere is defined as the area of air and gas enveloping objects in space, like stars and planets, or the air around any location. An example of atmosphere is the ozone and other layers which make up the Earth's sky as we see it. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases which surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth's gravitational attraction. Without the atmosphere there could be no life on Earth. The atmosphere: ... keeps the climate on Earth moderate compared to that of other planets.

Atmosphere: The thick envelope of air surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere. It is one of the natural components of the environment. The survival of all the living beings on this planet depends on the atmosphere.

The first vice president of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952. He later served as the president. Following the death of Zakir Hussain in 1969, V. V. Giri resigned from the post of vice president to contest the presidential election and got elected.

Some important chronicles of the medieval period are:

1. Rajatarangini by kalhana is a history of the kings of Kashmir.
2. Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi by Zia-ud-din Barani which describes the history of the Sultans of Delhi till the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
3. Khazainul-Futuh and Tughlaqnama by Amir Khusrau deal with the reign of Khaljis and Tughluqs.

 Accounts written by scholars about kingdoms, their courtiers and living conditions of common people were called court chronicles.  

1. Chronicles were basically detailed and registered court accounts in continuous manner through a particular order of time. The form of writing was usually prose or verse but without any literary ambition.
2. They provide information related to the past – events, historical, political and cultural attitudes of their writers and audiences.
3. They were more like data-based as they were fact related and not stories with fancy words. They were required to keep accurate data of mundane statistics.
4. They were not written in praise or against rulers and were therefore more reliable historical sources than travelers stories. 
5. Example - One of the most famous examples is the Old English Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This chronicle provides the basis for the knowledge of Anglo-Saxon history during the late 9th century at the court of King Alfred the Great.

A pan-region is a geographic area or state's province of economic, administrative and cultural significance continuing beyond that state's borders. It is generally, a dominant nation which has a sphere of influence might be administrative or commercial or cultural or ideological.

An MLA is a member of the Legislative Assembly. They are elected by the people of their constituency. The MLAs represent the people in their constituency in the Legislative Assembly.

True: Barter system was a system of exchange where goods were exchanged for goods and there was no common medium of exchange in the economy.