Coins which were minted at the temples constructed by the Jaina merchants were called delhiwal.

The Chola dynasty was in power from the latter half of the 9^th century to the beginning of the 13^th century. It was at its peak during the medieval period. Vijayalaya an ancient chiefly family of the Cholas captured the Kaveri delta from the Muttaraiyars. He built a temple devoted to goddess Nishumbhasudini at Thanjavur and made it his capital. Gradually, the kingdom grew in size with conquering the neighbouring regions of Pandyan and Pallava.

The irrigation system during Chola rule was much improved. A variety of methods were applied for it. Many wells were dug; huge tanks were constructed to collect water. The kings themselves took an interest in organizing labor and resources and extensive planning was done.

According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind because the salaries of the military commanders came from the revenue collected from peasants. But the peasants could pay their revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Therefore, it was imperative for military commanders to safeguard the interests of the peasantry.

Yes, the above statement is correct because discrimination is usually done on the basis of superiority and inferiority, the people who are discriminated are considered inferior which maked them underconfident asvwell as hurts their dignity.

The following are the differences between the map drawn by the French cartographer and the map drawn by  Al-Idirisi:

• The French Cartographer drawn the map of India in 1720's and this map   is more detailed in nature and has a degree of familiarity.
• Whereas, the map drawn by Al-Idirisi shows Sri Lanka, an island, at the top and South India at the top or at a place of North India.

The following are the differences between the map drawn by the French cartographer and the map drawn by  Al-Idirisi:

• The French Cartographer drawn the map of India in 1720's and this map   is more detailed in nature and has a degree of familiarity.
• Whereas, the map drawn by Al-Idirisi shows Sri Lanka, an island, at the top and South India at the top or at a place of North India.

The Khalji Dynasty was founded in Delhi on 13 June 1290 with the ascension of Jalal-ud – din Khalji as the Delhi Sultan.

• The Mamluk dynasty ruled Delhi in the starting of the year 1290 A.D. The tenth and last line ruler was Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, it has been said Jalal-ud – din Khalji murdered him. When a community of Qaiqabad nobles put his infant son, Kayumars at the throne, they were killed by Jalal-ud-din and the infant was deposed.
• Then Jalal-ud-din overtook the crown, and on 13 June 1290 declared Sultan of Delhi, that marked the beginning of Delhi’s Khalji dynasty.
• Jalal-ud-din, born Firuz, was a member of the originally Turkish Khalji tribe. Since the tribe had been living in Afghanistan for some time but at Delhi court, they were considered to be Afghans.
• Malik Firuz, as Jalal-ud-din had been known before he became the Sultan, was originally a military officer in the army of the Mamluk dynasty.
• Qaiqabad had appointed him to an influential military role because he had succeeded in repelling Mongolian invasions.
• In 1296, his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji murdered Jalal-ud-din, who then took the title, Sultan of Delhi.
• In the southern part of the world, Alauddin annexed further territory and expanded the sultanate. His generals gained huge spoils of war from the Southern Kingdoms that helped to reinforce the Khalji rule. The famous Koh-i-Noor diamond was stolen by Alauddin’s army in 1310 from the Kakatiya dynasty at Warangal.
• 20 Years ruled by Alauddin and his General Malik Kafur became the king after his death in 1315 but was murdered in a few months.
• The next three years saw three sultans take power in different coups only to be murdered. Shihab-ud-din Omar was positioned on the throne with his brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah as the regent, after Malik Kafur, a 6-year-old son of Alauddin.
• One of his generals Khusraw Khan, in turn, murdered Mubarak Shah. An Army commander Ghazi Malik killed Khusraw Khan, who had become the Sultan. Ghazi Malik then ascended to the Delhi throne and adopted the name of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, that marked the start of the Tughlaq dynasty.

The natural environment consists of two components i.e. biotic and abiotic. Biotic components refer to livings beings like plants and animals while abiotic components refer to the non-living things

There are four domains of the environment i.e. the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere. 

Lithosphere forms the solid part of the earth and contains landforms like plateaus, mountains, plains and valleys. It is made up of rocks and minerals and is covered by a thin layer of soil.  Lithosphere hence comprises the crust, core and mantle.

Hydrosphere forms the next layer and covers three-fourth of the earth in form of water bodies. The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is called atmosphere. The atmosphere forms a protective layer and shields the earth from the strong sunrays. Primarily containing gases, the atmosphere sticks to the earth owing to earth’s gravitational force. The atmosphere consists of stratosphere and troposphere.

Biosphere is the last domain of the earth and is made up of all the plants and animals and all non-living things. It can extend up till any part of the earth where life can exist. 

In Christianity, the title "Son of God" refers to the status of Jesus as the divine son of God the Father. It derives from several uses in the New Testament and early Christian theology. Even if historically he never called himself "the only" Son of God (cf. John 1:14, 18; John 3:16, 18), Jesus presented himself as Son and not just as one who was the divinely appointed Messiah (and therefore "son" of God).

The Chola dynasty was in power from the latter half of the 9^th century to the beginning of the 13^th century. It was at its peak during the medieval period. Vijayalaya an ancient chiefly family of the Cholas captured the Kaveri delta from the Muttaraiyars. He built a temple devoted to goddess Nishumbhasudini at Thanjavur and made it his capital. Gradually, the kingdom grew in size with conquering the neighbouring regions of Pandyan and Pallava.
 

Major Features of Prairie Grasslands:
The temperate grasslands of North America are termed as Prairies.

• It is region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land,
• They are covered chiefly by grasses.

Prairies are treeless but, woodlands can be found near the low lying plains, flanked by river valleys.

• Trees are few and far between.
• They are actually a “sea of grass.”

The three essential features of democracy can be listed as follows
(i) Democracy is a form of government in which rulers are elected by the people on the principle of one person, one vote.
(ii)  Democracy must be based on  free and fair elections, where those who are currently in power have a fair chance of losing. Voters should have a choice of candidates.
(iii)In a democracy, the final decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people.

Examples of primary sources are as follows: Artefacts, documents, diary, autobiography, etc. The literary works of the medieval periods which include the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Archaeological remains of Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.

Nitrogen and oxygen make the bulk of the atmosphere.

The Bhakti movement refers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism and later acted as the de facto catalyst to the formation of Sikhism. It originated in eighth-century south India (now Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards. It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.

The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, and some sub-sects were Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism. Bhakti movement preached using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism of Dvaita to absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta.

The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender. The Bhakti movement began with the aim of reforming Hinduism. Postmodern scholars question this traditional view and whether the Bhakti movement ever was a reform or rebellion of any kind. They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualisation of ancient Vedic traditions. Bhakti refers to passionate devotion (to a deity).

The earth’s crust consists of several large and some small, rigid irregularly shaped plates which carry the continents and the ocean floor. These are called lithospheric plates. These plates move around very slowly -just a few millimeters each year, because of the movement of the molten magma inside the earth. This magma moves in a circular manner. The movement of the plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

During the 8th century AD, a struggle for control over Kannauj took place among three major empires of India namely the Palas, the Rastrakutas and the Gurjar-Pratiharas. The Palas ruled over Eastern part of India while the Rastrakutas ruled over the Deccan region of India. The Western part of India was in control of the Gurjar-Pratiharas. The struggle for control over Kannauj among these three dynasties is known as the Tripartite Struggle in Indian history. The three dynasties that involved in the struggle were interested in Kannauj due to the fact that it formed an important center for trade and commerce.

This struggle lasted for two centuries and made all dynasties weak in the long run. The struggle resulted into the political disintegration of the country and benefited the Islamic invaders from Middle-East. In the end the Gurjar-Pratiharas won in the struggle.

The kings received the resources from land revenue and capturing other kingdoms. they mobilized the resources by: Developing good roads: The kings in the ancient time were very concerned for the health and facilities of their subjects.In order to facilitate trade as well as transportation they developed good roads.