India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practise it.

Are the statements given alongside true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example−

(a) All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.

(b) Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.

(c) Women who stay at home do not work.

(d) The work that women do is less valued than that of men.

ANSWER:

(a) True. The society which we live in believes that the roles of boys and girls are different in a well-defined manner. Broadly speaking, our societies are mostly patriarchal i.e., a male is always the head of the family. On the other hand, the societies in most Latin American countries are matriarchal in nature i.e., a female is always the head of the family and the family lineage is traced by following the female's line of family.

(b) False. Our society does make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up. This can be exemplified as follows: Girls are usually given toys such as dolls, whereas boys are given toys such as cars, bat & ball etc. As compared to boys, girls spend more time in the kitchen and they are the ones who help the mother in taking care of the requirements of the household. On the other hand, boys are more involved in outdoor activities.

(c) False. Though it is a preconceived notion that women who stay at home do not work, it is not true. Women who stay at home do almost an equal amount of work as compared to their male counterparts by running the household, which is not an easy task. On an average, women spend more time working as compared to men. However, their work goes unnoticed because a bulk of their work is household-related and does not contribute to the generation of income.

(d) True. Since our society considers men to be the breadwinners of the family, any work that a woman does is not valued much because it does not contribute to the total income of the family. However, it must be noted that the amount of time women spend in taking care of the householed, which involves tasks such as preparing three meals, getting kids ready for school, taking care of the general cleanliness of the household, managing rations, dealing with maids or other such domestic helps etc., and the effectiveness with which they do it is truly commendable.

Answer.   Child care centre is the purpose for setting up Aganwadi in several villages.

 Anganwadi is a type of rural child care centre in India. it helps poor children to eat food stomach full They were started by the Indian government in 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition

Pietra-Dura is a technique where coloured, hard stones were placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone, thereby creating beautiful and ornate patterns.

 The extent of influence of the merchants and bankers on the state was very high in the 18th century. They had a powerful say in politics and administration. In modern times, merchants and bankers hold importance just in the economy. But they do not have such a powerful say in politics and administration.

March 3, 1707 was Aurangzed die

The chief cause of the increase was the migration of sons and daughters away from farms and villages. The growth of commerce drew thousands of farm children to the cities to work as bookkeepers, clerks, and salespeople. The expansion of factories demanded thousands of laborers, mechanics, teamsters, and operatives. Some of the main factors that have led to grow of cities are: (i) Surplus Resources (ii) Industrialization and Commercialization (iii) Development of Transport and Communication (iv) Economic Pull of the City (v) Educational and Recreational Facilities.

The major ideas expressed by Kabir include:

• Rejection of major religious traditions.
• Criticism of all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam.
• Criticism of priestly classes and the caste system.
• Belief in a formless Supreme God.
• Emphasis on Bhakti or devotion to achieve salvation.

Kabir expressed his ideas in a vast collection of verses known as sakhis and pads. These are said to have been composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan singers.

As little as 6,000 years ago, the vast Sahara Desert was covered in grassland that received plenty of rainfall, but shifts in the world's weather patterns abruptly transformed the vegetated region into some of the driest land on Earth. They constantly move around to find new areas to graze their livestock and hunt for food. Trade routes across the Sahara Desert were an important part of the economies of Ancient Africa. Goods such as gold, salt, slaves, cloth, and ivory were transported across the desert using long trains of camels called caravans.

(i) तकनीक तथा मशीनों को बदल कर अत्याधुनिक बनाने से संचार माध्यमों को अधिक लोगों तक पहुँचने में मदद मिलती है।

(ii) इससे ध्वनि और चित्रों की गुणवत्ता में सुधार आता है। 

(iii) यह हमारे जीवन के बारे में सोचने के ढंग में परिवर्तन लाती है।

The British East India Company came to India as traders in spices, a very important commodity in Europe back then as it was used to preserve meat. Apart from that, they primarily traded in silk, cotton, indigo dye, tea and opium. They landed in the Indian subcontinent on August 24, 1608, at the port of Surat

Which are the major cities located on the river Ganga?
A n s w e r
The major cities located on the river Ganga are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata.

Social advertisements are the advertisements made by the State or private agencies. They have a larger message for the society. For example advertisement regarding building of toilets in each home to ensure health and sanitation of the people is a social advertisement. Advertisement giving simple steps for preventing dengue is also a social advertisement.

71% of Earth is water while 29% is land. Both will serve, depending upon your need and aim. The interesting thing is that the percentage of water on Earth does not include only the obvious sources of water, like oceans and lakes, but less obvious sources as well.

(a) India has a good number of doctors, clinics and hospitals. It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(b) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. The number of hospitals grew from 11,174 in 1991 to 18,218 in 2000.

(c) India gets a large number of medical tourists from several countries. They come for treatment in some of the world-famous hospitals in India.

(d) India is the fourth-largest producer of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of medicines.

Razia Sultana

Razia Sultana was the first woman Sultanate of India, and ruled the court of Delhi from the end of 1236 to 1240. The only ever woman to do so, she defied all odds to occupy the throne, including overcoming conflicts over her gender and her slave ancestry.

A n s w e r 
1. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
2. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
3. They are fuel-efficient and also environment-friendly mode of transport.

Manuscript: Manuscripts refer to historical records written by hand on soft surfaces like palm leaves. It derives from the Latin word ‘manu’ meaning ‘hand’. They dealt with all kinds of subjects ranging from medicine and science, religious beliefs and practices, epics, poetries, plays and accounts of lives of royalty.

Jati: Jatis referred to sub-caste people ranked on the basis of backgrounds and occupations.

Region: An area possessing definable characteristics but no definite boundaries.

Periodisation: Periodisation refers to the process of dividing history into various periods such as ancient, medieval and modern.

Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 CE and took away immense amounts of wealth. As a result, the Mughal treasury became vacant. Delhi turned into a deserted place. He plundered Delhi of its wealth and took back with him, among other valuables, the Peacock Throne and the Kohinoor Diamond.  The New City, Shahjahanabad turned into rubble. Delhi, once so rich, became poor after Nadir Shah looted it.

1.  Agriculture has changed life of human beings drasticaly.  Early men used to live nomadic life, they were hunter-gatherers but after the development of agriculture or farming, humans started forming settlements.
2.  In these settlements, people began farming, building permanent shelters  like mud houses or thatched houses, making better tools and clothing.
3.  The surplus production of food grains helped humans to concentrate on other activities like trade and commerce,craftsmanship,teaching,builders and administration etc.
4.  They also found important uses of animals. They started taming or domesticating sheep, dogs, goats, and cow etc. They used the animals for various purposes like to carry heavy burdens over long distances,for wool,milk and security purposes etc.
5.   Each of these changes made humans life more stable and comfortable.They started evolving into more civilised and advanced humans.