A n s w e r 
1. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.
2. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
3. They are fuel-efficient and also environment-friendly mode of transport.

Manuscript: Manuscripts refer to historical records written by hand on soft surfaces like palm leaves. It derives from the Latin word ‘manu’ meaning ‘hand’. They dealt with all kinds of subjects ranging from medicine and science, religious beliefs and practices, epics, poetries, plays and accounts of lives of royalty.

Jati: Jatis referred to sub-caste people ranked on the basis of backgrounds and occupations.

Region: An area possessing definable characteristics but no definite boundaries.

Periodisation: Periodisation refers to the process of dividing history into various periods such as ancient, medieval and modern.

Nadir Shah, the ruler of Iran, sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739 CE and took away immense amounts of wealth. As a result, the Mughal treasury became vacant. Delhi turned into a deserted place. He plundered Delhi of its wealth and took back with him, among other valuables, the Peacock Throne and the Kohinoor Diamond.  The New City, Shahjahanabad turned into rubble. Delhi, once so rich, became poor after Nadir Shah looted it.

1.  Agriculture has changed life of human beings drasticaly.  Early men used to live nomadic life, they were hunter-gatherers but after the development of agriculture or farming, humans started forming settlements.
2.  In these settlements, people began farming, building permanent shelters  like mud houses or thatched houses, making better tools and clothing.
3.  The surplus production of food grains helped humans to concentrate on other activities like trade and commerce,craftsmanship,teaching,builders and administration etc.
4.  They also found important uses of animals. They started taming or domesticating sheep, dogs, goats, and cow etc. They used the animals for various purposes like to carry heavy burdens over long distances,for wool,milk and security purposes etc.
5.   Each of these changes made humans life more stable and comfortable.They started evolving into more civilised and advanced humans.

The air in the atmosphere is mixture of many Gases

 The air around us is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, air also contains very smaller amounts of water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide, and very small amounts of other gases, suspended dust, spores, and bacteria.

The Jats

• The Jats, a caste of agriculturists, lived in the region around Delhi, Agra and Mathura-
• The Jat state of Bharatpur was set up by Churaman and Badan Singh.
• Jat power reached its highest glory under Suraj Mat, who ruled from 1756 to 1763 and who was an extremely able administrator and soldier and a very wise statesman. He was the Plato of the Jat tribe.

Aftab is a wholesaler in the city. He purchases vegetables in bulk and sells them to hawkers and shopkeepers.

The different technologies that mass media use are expensive. In a news studio, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. The technologies that mass media use keep changing and so a lot of money is spent on getting the latest technology. Due to these costs, the mass media needs a great deal of money to do its work. Thus, mass media is constantly thinking of ways to make money.

• There were different kinds of traders in the medieval times, including the <i>banjaras</i> (nomadic people). And traders who travelled a lot came together to form traders' associations or guilds, the most famous ones being Manigramam and Nanadesi. They did this to protect their interests both within the Indian sub-continent and in Southeast Asia and China.
• The largest Indian trading groups were the Chettiyars and Marwari Oswal, and Gujarati traders such as Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras.
• There was extensive trade with the ports of the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, Southeast Asia, and China. Indian spices and cloth were exported, and gold, ivory, spices, tin, Chinese blue pottery, and silver were imported.
• Many of these products also reached European markets, and this attracted European traders to India. Their arrival once again changed the structure of trading and towns in India.

Animal,
There are five Species Of Tapirs Living In The World Today. A tapir is a herbivorous animal that is distinguished by the presence of a short, prehensile nose trunk. The rest of the appearance is similar to that of a pig.

The word “medieval” comes from the Latin words medius and aevum, which means “middle age”. Therefore, when a period is called medieval it means that period which is in the middle of human history. Indian history is divided into three periods, Ancient period, Medieval period and Modern period. The medieval period in India is further divided into the early medieval period (647-1200 CE) and the later medieval period (1200-1700 CE). The medieval period in India saw far-reaching changes in all fields-  political, social,cultural and economic.

The medieval period of Indian history is taken to extend from 647 to 1700 CE, i.e., It started with the death of Harshvardhana’s death in 647 CE and declined when the Mughal Empire started breaking up and the British began establishing their power in India in 1700 CE

Medieval India refers to a long period of the history of the Indian subcontinent between the "ancient period" and "modern period". It encompasses the 6th to the 16th centuries.

surat was finally taken over Portuguese om 1759 CE

false

1. Still in rural and some urban area women have to do all household work.

2. In rural and urban areas women are not secure.

3. There is always conditions to wear appropriate clothing in both areas.

4. Women are not aloud to work late at night.

5. Women's are not given the respect which they deserve.

The period between the reign of Anangapala, who founded the city of Delhi in the 11th century ce, and the incorporation of Delhi within the Chauhan (Chahamana) kingdom in 1164.

In the early medieval period in northern India, Sanskrit continued to be the language of literatue

Another famous work of this period is the Gitagovinda by Jayadeva, which is one of the finest poems in Sanskrit literatue.In the southern parts, this period saw the flourishing of Sanskrit literatue

this period is more important for the growth of literature in the Dravidian languages. Nripatunga wrote a great work of poetry in Kannada called the Kavirajamarga.

In Tamil, this was the period of the composition of the great hymns of the Alvars and the Nayanars. The hymns of the Alvars are collected into the Nalayira-Divya Prabandham.

Telugu also produced great religious and secular literature in this period. This included translations of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, works of grammar, science and other secular literature. Literature in Malayalam also started growing.

The period of the Sultanat of Delhi saw a great advance in the growth of modern Indian languages and literature. Braj Bhasha and khari Boli, forms of Hindi, began to be used in literary compositions. Many devotional songs were composed in these languages

Heroic literature was written in Gujarati. The famous ballad Alha Udal and the Vishaldeo Raso belong to this period. The literature in other modern Indian languages called Chandayana.

The most outstanding literary figure of this period was Amir Khusrau. He was a poet, historian, mystic and composer of music. He was also a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya. He wrote the Ashiqa, the Nuh Sipihr, the Qiranal-Sadayan, the Khazain-ul-Futuh and several works of poetry. He symbolizes the composite culture which was growing under the new impact.

Mughals were interested in the land of the Gonds. 

1. The terriotory of Gond was in central part of the subcontinent. 
2. Mughals ruled over the northern part. They wished to expand their control over the southern kingdoms of the subcontinent. 
3. In order to do that, they first had to control in the central part of the subcontinent which was ruled by Gonds. 
4. Therefore, Mughals were intrested in the land of the Gonds.

3. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were taxes conceived during the times of the Great Maratha

1. 

The two factors responsible for the rise of independent states in India were :

(a) the wars of succession ahead become a tradition among the Mughals. This deteriorated the political and the financial condition of the Empire .

(b) the Emperors after Aurangzeb were unable to arrest the gradual shifting of political and economic authority into do the hands of provisional governors

2. The states of sikhs, marathas , and rajputs openly asserted their independence from the Mughal empire.

• Public Protest: This literally translates to ‘protest by the public at large’. In other words, it is the opposition to some issue by a large number of people. It is done by organizing rallies, holding demonstrations, signature campaigns, blocking roads etc.

Answer:

1. petition

2. approaching higher officials

3. spread the issue using social medias

4. strike

5. Making a team to initiate on our own to make government to note us.

The British landed on the Indian Subcontinent at the port of Surat on  August 24, 1608 AD for the purpose of trade, but after 7 years British got royal order (i.e. Farman) to establish a factory at Surat under the leadership of Sir Thomas Roe (Ambassador of James I). Following this, the East India Company also got similar permission from the Vijaynagara Empire to set up their second factory at Massulipatnam.

Guilds were the association of craftsmen or merchants who followed same craft and profession. Guilds usually existed in the medieval period. The main aim of forming guilds was to protect the interests of the members.

Dogma is a set of principles laid down by an authority and acts as the basis of an ideology or belief system. Like we have the teachings of the Buddha or the ten Gurus as the basis of Buddhism or Sikhism respectively.

A Bigot is a person who is prejudiced or dislikes a group of people mainly because of differences in ideology be it political or religious. Religious intolerance of Aurangzeb made him a religious bigot.

The historians face several difficulties in using manuscripts. There was no printing press in those days so scribes copied manuscripts by hand. Manuscript copying is not an easy job. As scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes—a word here, a sentence there. These small differences grew over centuries of copying until manuscripts of the same text became substantially different from one another. This is a serious problem because we rarely find the original manuscript of the author today. We are totally dependent upon the copies made by later scribes. As a result historians have to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the author had originally written.

The Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people in order to run the empire smoothly. Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars.
The term mansabdar referred to an individual holding a mansab, meaning a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix rank, salary and military responsibilities.
The mansabdars were assigned to military responsibilities. For this, they maintained a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their horses branded and then received money to pay them as salary.

Generic name, drug: The term "generic name" has several meanings as regards drugs: The chemical name of a drug. A term referring to the chemical makeup of a drug rather than to the advertised brand name under which the drug is sold. A term referring to any drug marketed under its chemical name without advertising.

Towns grew around temples because temples were central to economy and society. Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking. Also, the large number of pilgrims provided ample opportunities for traders and artisans to conduct business.

Answer:
1. Thanjavur was the capital of Chola empire.
2. Thanjavur was a temple town, with Rajarajeshvara temple in it.
3. It gave employment to a huge number of people thus, becoming a centre  of opportunities.
Due to all these reasons. Thanjavur was regarded as a great town. 
 

This town was a centre of trade at that time and had an astonishing architect. This is also known as a temple town. As a temple town it was the important pattern for the urbanization. So, it is regarded as a great town.