Melani is a domestic worker who leads a very hard life inspite of her hard labour. Her employer is not at all sympathetic to her. She shouts at her every now and then. She does not give her sufficient food to eat. Even during severe winters she does not allow her to wear chappals in the house. Melani feels very humiliated. As she has no other option, she has to bear all the hardships. But she, like her employer, also wishes to be respected.

When we believe that people belonging to particular groups based on religion, wealth, language etc. are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work, we create a stereotype. For example, we see how boys and girls are made to take certain subjects not because of their aptitude but only because they are either boys or girls. Stereotypes prevent us from looking at people as unique individuals.

The different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all are:

1. Government could increase the number of hospitals or medical vans in rural and remote places.

2. Sanitation habits and proper drainage system could be improved.

3. With the help of different agencies, government could provide good filters with clean and safe drinking water.

4. Proper garbage dumps and disposable bags should be provided and maintained.

5. By different campaigns and educational programmes, people should be aware of different health problems.

6. Special treatments must be there for women, which are a vital part of our society.

7. Medicines should be available either at free costs or at very low costs.

Razia Sultan (1205-1240) was the first woman who ruled India. She was the daughter of the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish. Razia possessed remarkable talents. As a queen, she displayed her virtue ore prominently. Some of the nobles could not reconcile themselves to the rule of a woman. She soon overpowered her enemies.
Razia was fully devoted to her empire and to her subjects. She was killed along with her husband by her brother. Thus life of Razia ended miserably after the reign of three years and a few months.

Groups of such villages formed larger units called nadu. The village council and the nadu performed many administrative functions which included dispensing justice and collecting taxes.

Considerable control over the affairs of the nadu was exercised by the rich peasants of the Vellala caste. However they were under the supervision of the central Chola government. Some rich landowners were given the following titles by the Chola kings:

• Muvendavelan which means a velan or a peasant serving three kings
• Araiyar meaning chief

There titles were a mark of respect. The rich landowners were entrusted with important offices at the centre and the state.

Two great lineages of rulers were the ancestors of the Mughals. From their maternal side they were the descendants of Genghis Khan (who died in 1227) who ruled the Mongol tribes, China and Central Asia. From their paternal side they were the descendants of Timur who ruled Iraq, Iran and modern-day Turkey. Timur died in the year 1404. They did not like to be called Mughal or Mongol. The reason for this is that Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. It was also associated with Uzbegs, their Mongol competitors. However, they were proud to be in the lineage of Timur; to some extent because of his capture of Delhi in 1398. They celebrated their genealogy pictorially; with each ruler getting a picture made of Timur and himself.

Mass media companies are constantly thinking of ways to make money. It thus advertises different things like cars, chocolates, clothes, mobile phones etc. over and over again in the hope that we will go out and buy what is advertised by them. Thus, mass media companies earn their money mainly through advertisements.

 The mass media earns money by advertising different things like cars, clothes, tea, etc.
The t.v studio in which the newsreader sits needs lights ,cameras, sound ,recorders etc so for this media needs to make money.

Akbar the great was a reformist emperor. Although in his initial days as emperor he was known to be a conqueror and ruthless warrior but as the days went by he matured and turned into a benevolent emperor.

Akbar is called great because of the great social and religious reforms he introduced in the medieval times although he faced great resistance to many of them

In the year 1562, emperor Akbar prohibited the custom of enslaving prisoners of war and selling their wives and children to highest bidders in open bazaars. Although this practice still continued for a few more centuries(as bonded labour it still exists in many parts of asia even in 21st century) but still many prisoners and their family benefited and were set free by their owners after Akbar’s new law came into existence.The second reform he introduced was to remove jaziya tax and pilgrimage tax. The pilgrimage tax was imposed on all citizens of empire(except mughals) who went to places of worship. This was abolished by Akbar in 1563 and all citizens could travel freely across the empire to visit places of worship. The second tax jaziya was introduced in 11th century muslim rulers on majority hindu’s to go to any place of worship. This was done to force them to convert to Islam. But Akbar abolished this tax too in the year 1564. This tax was being collected arbitrarily and based on how rich and how many people wanted to travel from one place to another. So all people irrespective of their religion could travel freely without paying any extra tax to visit their place of worship. There is a story that Akbar came to know of these taxes while hunting in mathura forest.Akbar was the first ruler to appoint Hindus in high positions in court in large numbers. Out of this 9 Navrathna’s(9 Jewels) Raja Birbal, Raja Man Singh, Raja Todramal were from the majority Hindu community. Many officers in state level were also hindu’s. Abdul Rahim Khan e Khanan another Navratna’s mother was from Lord Krishna’s family. So many hindus got an opportunity to participate in decision making and given high ranks.Akbar banned practice of child marriage in his empire. The marriage age was increased to 14 years for girls and 16 years for boys. Cousins were prohibited from marrying.Akbar introduced marriage registration policy in his empire. Any couple who married had to register their marriage in local kotwali(police station).