▪The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is called transpiration.▪

•The products of metabolic process such as photosynthesis is moved from the leaves where they are formed to other parts of the plant. This transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation.•

▪Transpiration always occurs against the gravity.▪

•Translocation does not always occur against gravity.•

▪Transpiration involves mainly the xylem cells which become active during absorption process by the roots.▪

•Translocation involves both xylem and phloem cells to carry the synthesized food materials within the plant.•

Liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is situated in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side.

Glomerular Filtration

It is the primary step in urine formation. In this process, the excess fluid and waste products from the kidney are filtered out of the blood into the urine collection tubules of the kidney and eliminated out of the body.

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys every minute is known as Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Tubular Reabsorption

It is the absorption of ions and molecules such as sodium ions, glucose, amino acids, water etc. Water involves passive absorption, while glucose and sodium ions are absorbed by an active process.

Secretion

Potassium ions, hydrogen ions, and ammonia are secreted out to maintain the equilibrium between the body fluids.

The functions of the various tubules involved in the process are:

• Glomerulus filters the blood

• Proximal Convoluted Tubules reabsorb ions, water, and nutrients, removes toxins, and maintains the pH of the filtrate.

• Descending Loop of Henle allows water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid through aquaporins.

• Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid.

• Distal Tubule reabsorbs and secretes selective ions and maintains the pH of the blood.

• Collecting Duct, solutes, and water is reabsorbed from the filtrate by the collecting duct.

Micturition

The urinary bladder is stretched and gets filled with urine formed in the nephrons. The receptors present on the walls of the urinary bladder send signals to the Central Nervous System, thereby, allowing the relaxation of sphincter muscles to release urine. This is known as micturition.

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is one of the only arteries (other than the umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.
In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle.

Characteristics of Insect pollinated flowers:

1. Large and coloured petals to attract insects.

2. Nectar to attract insects.

3. Pollen grains are sticky so that they can stick easily to insect’s body parts.

Characteristics of water pollinated flowers:

1. Stamens and pollen grains are spongy and water-proof.

2. They are also very light.

Characteristics of Insect pollinated flowers:

1. Large and coloured petals to attract insects.

2. Nectar to attract insects.

3. Pollen grains are sticky so that they can stick easily to insect’s body parts.

The weather changes so frequently because the condition of the earth's atmosphere keeps changing frequently due to the various effects produced by the sun's heat.

In the bulb there is a thin wire, called the filament, which glows and gives off light when an electric current passes through it. The filament of bulb is made of tungsten. Tungsten has very high melting point and that is the reason it is used in electric bulb.

• The Celsius scale was invented by a Swedish Astronomer named Anders Celsius 1701-1744
• Lord Kelvin invented the Kelvin Scale in 1848 used on thermometers. The Kelvin Scale measures the ultimate extremes of hot and cold.

The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees evolved in different ways to produce the present forms.

Evolution produces more diverse and complex body forms over time, but the newly formed species are not more progressive than the already existing ones. So, it is wrong to say that evolution produces progressive higher forms from lower ones.

All human beings, whether fair skinned or dark skinned, belong to the same species i.e. <i>Homo sapiens </i>that originated in Africa.

The human ancestors gradually migrated from Africa to various parts of the world like Asia, Europe, Australia and America. Thus, they spread to different parts of the Earth and adapted as best as they could to their environmental conditions.

When blood flows in arteries, it gives throbbing sensation in arteries. This throbbing sensation is known as a pulse. The rate of heart beat or throbbing is known as pulse rate. A person has a pulse rate between 72 to 80 beats per minute. A stethoscope is an instrument used to measure the sound heartbeat.

Camouflage refers to the term disguise. It is a natural phenomenon used by plants and animals to disguise themselves as per their environment. They mimic according to their surroundings to avoid detection. Thus it increases the chance of survival by hiding it from predators.

Camouflage is the natural defence mechanism developed in the prey. During this phenomenon, animals change their skin colour or disguise themselves as per their surrounding colour so that they cannot be detected by other predators. Certain predators also use this mechanism for hunting. For instance, Stone Flounder, a flatfish, is one such predator which lays on the ocean floor in search for its prey.

 The sucker pads on the feet of the red eyed frog helps it to stick to leaves and trees. These sticky pad helps them to  climb on tree and leaf easily.

Copper sulfate is a term that can refer to either of the following chemical compounds – cuprous sulfate (Cu₂SO₄), or cupric sulfate (CuSO₄). However, the latter is the preferred compound described by the term ‘copper sulfate’. The systematic name for CuSO₄ is copper(II) sulfate, but it is also referred to as blue vitriol, Roman vitriol, the vitriol of copper, and bluestone.

The most common form of copper sulfate is its pentahydrate, given by the chemical formula CuSO₄.5H₂O. This form is characterized by its bright blue colour. However, it can be noted that the anhydrous form of this salt is a powder that is white in colour.

Uses :

1. The pentahydrate of this compound, CuSO₄.5H₂O is used as a fungicide due to its ability to kill several fungi.
2. Copper sulfate is used in Benedict’s solution and in Fehling’s solution, which is used in testing for reducing sugars.
3. It is also used to test blood samples for diseases like anaemia.

Earth worms are called  nature ploughman

Earthworms are called as nature’s ploughman because they loosen the soil when they burrow and this is good for the soil because it lets the CO${}_2$2​ out and the O${}_2$2​ in. It also helps to mix the nutrients in the soil, making it better for plants to grow.