Stomach

• Stomach is a flattened U shaped thick walled bag and widest part of the alimentary canal.
• It receives food from oesophagus at one end and pushes the food down into small intestine at the other end.

By conduction: The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is known as conduction. The conduction process takes place only in solids.  For example, a spoon in a pot of soup heats up by conduction

All the materials do not allow the heat to pass through them. The materials which allow the heat to pass through them easily are called conductors. For example – iron, aluminium and copper.

The materials which do not allow the heat to pass through them easily are poor conductors of heat and are called insulators. For example – plastic and wood.

he air that we breathe is a mixture of many gases like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon etc. The majority of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The other gases that are present in small quantities are: Carbon dioxide (0.03%), Argon (0.93%) and Others ( helium, hydrogen, ozone). Tiny dust particles are also present in the air, apart from the above gases.

Oceans are extremely important to human life. The following are the importance of oceans: 

• Fish is an important source of food and nutrition to human life. Fishes have been consumed by man since prehistoric times. 
• Fishing has become a well developed industry today and significantly contributes to the economy of many nations. 
• Oceans provide food and other marine products to humans. Several kinds of edible oil are manufactured by humans from marine animals. 
• Besides food and oil, marine animals and plants provide leather, glue, cattle feed etc. 
• Much research is being done to extract essential oil and products of marine life that can cure different diseases. Marine pharmacologists are researching on the physical and chemical properties of marine organisms like crabs, sea cucumbers, sharks, cods etc. 
• Oceans provide us with a variety of mineral resources. Some of these are common salt, magnesium and bromide. 
• The most important minerals obtained from the sea are petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum known as ‘Black Gold’ is mainly found in the continental shelves and slopes. Bombay High in India is an important source of oil in India. 
• Oceans also provide us with non conventional sources of energy like tidal energy and the energy generated through waves. The rise and fall of sea water is known as the tides. Powerful tidal waves generate huge amounts of force when they strike the shore. This energy is used by generators to produce electricity. 
• Many countries are researching the prospects of harassing energy from the surface of the ocean waters. The water at the surface of the sea in the tropical regions may reach upto 300C. Belgium and Cuba have designed floating generators that can be used for the production of electricity. 
• Oceans have been used as a means of transport since ancient times. Water transport is one of the cheapest means of transport in the world. 
• Oceans also regulate the temperature of the Earth. They cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface. They store the heat of the Sun and keep the Earth warm. This is because they absorb the heat of the Sun and release it after a long time. On the other hand, land gets heated and releases heat quickly. Had the land been greater than water, the former would have remained frozen for most time of the year.

1) Milk Teeth Start erupting after 6 months of birth and appear between 6 to 24 months. While Permanent teeth Begin to replace milk teeth in the 6 th year of age and usually completed by 24 years.

2) Milk teeth Smaller, weaker and temporary While Stronger and permanent.

3) Milk teeth is of 3 types (incisor, canine and molars) 8 incisors + 4 canines + 8 molars. Whereas Permanent Teeth is 4 types (incisor, canine premolars and molars) 8 incisor+ 4 canine+ 8 premolars + 12 molars.

4) Milk Teeth have 20 in number, 10 each in the upper and lower jaw while Permanent Teeth have 32 in number, 16 each in the upper and lower jaw

We often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air to expel out these foreign particles. These particles get past the hair in the nasal cavity and irritate the lining of the cavity which  triggers a message to the brain. The brain instructs the nasal chamber to initiate sneezing. This is a method to remove the unwanted dust particles from the nostrils. Sneezing is a type of defense mechanism used by our body.

During absorption, the digested products are transported into the blood or lymph through the mucous membrane. Absorption is achieved by the following mechanisms.

1. Simple diffusion.
2. Active transport
3. Facilitated transport.
4. Passive transport.

• The process by which leaves of green plants prepare their own food is called photosynthesis.
• During photosynthesis, plants which contain the green pigment chlorophyll produce food in the form of carbohydrates by using carbon dioxide, water and light energy.
• Oxygen gas is released into the atmosphere.

Leaves have several tiny pore-like structures on the lower surface. Such a pore is called stomata through which leaves absorb carbon dioxide from air. Water is transported to the leaves through hair like pipelines from the roots. These pipelines are present throughout the plant, i.e. from roots to branches and leaves.

Elements – Elements constitute the simplest chemical substances in which all the atoms are exactly the same.

The process by which plants make their own food in the presence of sunlight, carbon-dioxide present in air, water, minerals and chlorophyll present in leaves is termed as photosynthesis.

• Plants take up carbon-dioxide from the atmosphere through the tiny pores known as stomata present on thesurface of the leaves and surrounded by ‘guard cells’.
• The process of photosynthesis releases oxygen in the atmosphere during the synthesis of food.
• Plants absorb the water and minerals from the soil with the help of deep penetrated roots inside the soil and transport them to the leaves of the plants where synthesis of food takes place.
• The green pigment present in leaves known as chlorophyll helps the leaves of plant to capture the sunlight that act as the source of energy to carry out the process.
• After this the chlorophyll holding the cells of leaves in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates in the leaves and is stored in the plants in the form of energy.

Non uniform Motions:-
1. A horse running in a race
2. A bus on its way through the market
3. A bouncing ball
4. Movement of an asteroid
5. Aircraft moving through the clouds and then landing
6. Dragging a box from a path
7. A man running a 100 m race
8. A car coming to a halt
9. A train coming to its terminating sop
10. A car colliding with another car
In the above motions, the speed of varying

Uniform Motions:-

1.The hour hand of a clock -  It moves with uniform speed, completing movement of a specific distance in an hour
2.A car going along a straight level road at steady speed 
3.An aircraft cruising at a level height and a steady speed 
4.A ship steaming on a straight course at steady speed 
5.A train going along the tracks at steady speed 
6.A cooling fan running at a fixed speed 
7.Earth moving round the sun  is an uniform motion
8. Movement of fan
9. A pendulum having equal amplitudes on both sides
10. A vibrating spring in a sewing machine

Example of uniform motion is - car moving with constant speed say 10 km/h

Example of non-uniform motion is - ball falling from a height (it is motion in which the body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time)

Most grow on land (terrestrial) environments, but several species live only in aquatic habitats. Most fungi live in either soil or dead matter, and many are symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi. While most prefer a temperature range of 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit, there are species that can be found below 32 degrees and others at 150 degrees. Most fungi prefer moist locations, but again there are exceptions, such as the fungi that grow on dried grains.

If the iron rod is heated at the one end then the heat transfer to the another end by the process of conduction .

• Chickens

• Crows

• Emus

• Hummingbirds

• Keas

• Orioles

• Ostriches

• Rheas

• Robins

Mineral Acids:
Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)
Nitric acid(HNO₃) 
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Gall Bladder

The digestive role of the liver is to produce bile and export it to the duodenum. The gall bladder primarily stores, concentrates and releases bile

Our body cannot prepare food due to the absence of chlorophyll pigment. This is the only pigment that can absorb solar radiation. Without solar energy, photosynthesis cannot be possible. Thus even presence of carbon dioxide, water or minerals in human body cannot allow to prepare food due to lack of chlorophyll pigments.

• The process by which leaves of green plants prepare their own food is called photosynthesis.
• During photosynthesis, plants that contain the green pigment chlorophyll produce food in the form of carbohydrates by using carbon dioxide, water and light energy.
• Oxygen gas is released into the atmosphere.