The Middle or Lesser Himalaya, sometimes also called Himachal or Lower Himalaya lies between the Shiwaliks in the South and Greater Himalayas in the North. It runs almost parallel to both the ranges.

The ganga flows into the Bay of Bengal.
The Ganges flows south and east from the Himalayas, forming a canyon as it leaves the mountain. It winds its way through northern India, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

A NS W E R
The northern most point of confinement of India is 37°6' N scope.

All the extraordinary purposes of India notwithstanding south are questioned, either politically or geologically.

Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan empire.

Classes of Society

• Megasthenese mentioned that during this period, the society was comprising seven castes, namely −

  • Philosophers,

  • Farmers,

  • Soldiers,

  • Herdsmen,

  • Artisans,

  • Magistrates, and

  • Councilors

• Megasthenese, however, failed to comprehend the Indian society properly and confused among the terms <i>jati</i>, <i>Varna</i>, and the occupation.

• <i>Chaturvarna</i> system continued to govern the society.

• The urban way of life developed and the craftsmen enjoyed a high place in the society.

• Teaching continued to be the main job of the Brahmans.

• Buddhist monasteries were developed as important educational institutions. Taxila, Ujjayini, and Varanasi were famous educational centers.

• Technical education was generally provided through guilds, where pupils learnt the crafts from the early age.

• The joint family system was the norm in the domestic life.

• A married woman had her own property in the form of bride-gift (<i>stree-dhana</i>).

• The widows had given respect in the society. All <i>stree-dhana</i> (bride-gift and jewelry) belongs to her. Offences against women were severely dealt with.

• Kautilya also laid down penalties against officials, in charge of workshops and prisons who misbehaved with women.

• Megasthenese mentioned that slavery did not exist in India.

Economy

• Largely, the population was agriculturists and lived in villages. The state helped people to bring new areas under cultivation by cleaning the forest. But certain types of forests were protected by law.

• A number of crops like rice, coarse grains (<i>kodrava</i>), sesame, pepper, and saffron, pulses, wheat, linseed, mustard, vegetable and fruits of various kinds and sugarcane were grown.

• The state also owned agricultural farms, cattle farms, dairy farms, etc.

• Water reservoirs and dams were built by the state for irrigation. Steps were taken to distribute and measure this water for irrigation.

• The Mauryan enforced the rules and regulations in respect of agriculture, industry, commerce, animal husbandry, etc.

• Special measures were deduced for the promotion of the economy gave great impetus to economic development during this period.

• Megasthenese mentioned about the extraordinary skill of craftsmen.

• Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman mentions that Pushyagupta (Chandragupta's governors) was responsible for building a dam on <i>Sudarshana</i> Lake near Girnar in Kathiawad.

• Skandagupta’s inscription of the later period mentioned that the dam (on <i>Sudarshana</i> Lake) was repaired during his reign, almost 800 years after its construction.

• They had foreign trade with the western countries. The main items of trade were indigo, various medicinal substances, cotton, and silk. The foreign trade was carried on by the land as well as by the sea.

• Special arrangements were made for facilitation of the trade like security of trade-routes, provisions of warehouses, go-downs, and other means of transport.

• The trade was regulated by the state and the trader had to get a license to trade.

• The state also had the machinery to control and regulate the weights and measures.

• The land tax was one-fourth to one-sixth of the produce. The tax was also levied on all the manufactured goods.

• The toll tax was levied on all items, which were brought for sale in the market.

• Strabo mentions that craftsmen, herdsmen, traders, and farmers, all paid taxes. Those who could not pay the tax in cash or kind were to contribute their dues in the form of labor.

• Revenue was that main subject of Arthashashtra. It describes revenue at great length.

• Sources of revenue were increased from the income of mines, forests, pasture lands, trade, forts, etc.

• The income from the king's own land or estate was known as ‘<i>sita</i>.’

• Brahmans, children, and handicapped people were exempted from paying the taxes.

• Tax evasion was considered a very serious crime and offenders were severely punished.

• The artisans and craftsmen were given special protection by the state and offences against them were severely punished.

• The main industries during this period were textile, mining and metallurgy, ship-building, jewelry making, metal working, pot making, etc.

• The industries were organized in various guilds. <i>Jesthaka</i> was the chief of a guild.

• The guilds were powerful institutions. It gave craftsmen great support and protection.

• The guilds settled the disputes of their members. A few guilds issued their own coins.

• The Sanchi Stupa inscription mentions that one of the carved gateways was donated by the guilds of ivory workers.

• Similarly, the Nasik cave inscription mentions that two weaver's guilds gave permanent endowments for the maintenance of a temple.

• The guilds also made donations to educational institutions and learned Brahmans.

Bindusara was the father of one of the greatest kings in ancient India- King Ashoka. Bindusara ascended to the Mauryan throne after Chandragupta Maurya and ruled upto the year 273 BC. He was an ambitious king who defeated as many as 16 rulers and established Mauryan authority over large parts of South India.

To practice the dharma actively, Ashoka went out on periodic tours preaching the dharma to the rural people and relieving their sufferings. He ordered his high officials to do the same, in addition to attending to their normal duties; he exhorted administrative officers to be constantly aware of the joys and sorrows of the common folk and to be prompt and impartial in dispensing justice. A special class of high officers, designated “dharma ministers,” was appointed to foster dharma work by the public, relieve suffering wherever found, and look to the special needs of women, of people inhabiting outlying regions, of neighbouring peoples, and of various religious communities. It was ordered that matters concerning public welfare were to be reported to him at all times. The only glory he sought, he said, was for having led his people along the path of dharma. No doubts are left in the minds of readers of his inscriptions regarding his earnest zeal for serving his subjects. More success was attained in his work, he said, by reasoning with people than by issuing commands.

Among his works of public utility were the founding of hospitals for people and animals, the planting of roadside trees and groves, the digging of wells, and the construction of watering sheds and rest houses. Orders were also issued for curbing public laxities and preventing cruelty to animals. With the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan empire disintegrated and his work was discontinued. His memory survives for what he attempted to achieve and the high ideals he held before himself.

Most enduring were Ashoka’s services to Buddhism. He built a number of stupas (commemorative burial mounds) and monasteries and erected pillars on which he ordered inscribed his understanding of religious doctrines. He took strong measures to suppress schisms within the sangha (the Buddhist religious community) and prescribed a course of scriptural studies for adherents. The Sinhalese chronicle Mahavamsa says that when the order decided to send preaching missions abroad, Ashoka helped them enthusiastically and sent his own son and daughter as missionaries to Sri Lanka. It is as a result of Ashoka’s patronage that Buddhism, which until then was a small sect confined to particular localities, spread throughout India and subsequently beyond the frontiers of the country.

The Mauryan Empire had an efficient and centralised administrative system. ... Mauryan administration was highly centralized. The Emperor was the supreme power and source of all authority. He was assisted by a Council of Ministers. The main features of Mauryan administration were : There were five important political centres in the Mauryan Empire: Patliputra { the capital city } and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and suvranagiri Communications along the land and riverine routes were developed to administration the Empire.

Given length of the sheet of paper = 125 cm

Also given that breadth of the sheet of paper = 85 cm

Area of a sheet of paper = Length x Breadth

= 125 cm x 85 cm

= 10,625 cm²

Length of sheet required for an envelope = 17 cm

Breadth of sheet required for an envelope = 5 cm

Area of the sheet required for one envelope = Length x Breadth

= 17 cm x 5 cm

= 85 c m²

Thus, required number of envelopes = 10,625/85

= 125

1. Click the Start button to open the Start menu

2.Click on the Find option, then click on Find Files or folders.

3. In the named box, type *.tmp to search for any files with a "tmp" file extension.

4. Verify that the Look in section of the search box is pointing to the C: drive and not document folders.

5. Click the Find Now button to start the search.

6. Delete all files that are found.

RAM—Random Access Memory: As the name suggests, any data from any location in RAM can be accessed at any time. The time taken to access any location is the same. RAM is read/write memory. We can read data from RAM and we can write data on RAM.

Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment BC = 4 cm.

(ii) With centre B and radius 6 cm draw an arc.
(iii) With centre C and radius 5.5 cm, draw another arc intersecting the First are at A.
(iv) Join AB and AC. ∆ABC is the required triangle.

Iron is magnectic material 

True

Classification is a method of grouping, in which we place similar things together in one group. Example: Arrangement of books in a library is an example of classification. In a library, books on the same subject are kept in one place, so that it will not be difficult to locate them.

The real name of the Buddha was Siddhartha. He belonged to a small gana known as the Sakya gana, and was a Kshatriya. He was also known as Gautama.

The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, was born circa 563 BCE into a wealthy family.