There are seven major continents of the Earth. The seven major continents of the Earth are

i) Asia, 
ii) Europe,
iii) Africa, 
iv) North America,
v) South America, 
vi) Australia and
vii) Antarctica. 

Strait that seperates Srilanka and India is Gulf of mannar and Palk strait. 

1. As India is a big country it is difficult to administer so it is divided into states and union territories.
2. By this administration has become easy.
3. These states and union territories are made by recognizing the religion and language of that region and the people are elected from that region only because they know more about the people and will work towards them.
4. It is good for development of state as it creates unity and brings all linguistic culture together.

Cartographers also need to show various details; like important structures, landmarks, etc. on a map. These things are shown by some standard symbols on the map. You can understand that it is not possible to draw pictures of hospital or temple or railway line or a monument on a map because of the lack of space. Hence some conventional symbols have been made on the basis of an international agreement.

While using colours to show different themes and items on a map; certain conventions are followed. Mountains are usually shown in brown colour, plains in green, water body in blue and plateau is shown in yellow.

From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours. Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82° 30' E) passing through Mirzapur (in Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the standard time for the whole country. Otherwise different regions of India would have different times which would create problems; so, to have one common standard times for the whole country has been selected and called Indian Standard Time (IST).

There are five basic kinds of mountains:

1. Fold Mountains (Folded Mountains): Fold mountains are the most common type of mountain. The world’s largest mountain ranges are fold mountains. These ranges were formed over millions of years.
2. Fault-block Mountains (Block Mountains): These mountains form when faults or cracks in the earth's crust force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down.
3. Dome Mountains: Dome mountains are the result of a great amount of melted rock (magma) pushing its way up under the earth crust.
4. Volcanic Mountains: Volcanic Mountains are formed when molten rock (magma) deep within the earth, erupts, and piles upon the surface.
5. Plateau Mountains: Plateau mountains are not formed by internal activity. Instead, these mountains are formed by erosion.

Planet: Some celestial bodies keep on moving around a star. They are called planets. A planet does not have its own light. The earth is a planet. Planets do not twinkle.

The great plains of India offers many advantages over other forms of topography.

i. They provide rich alluvial soils which are very good for cultivating <font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font style="box-sizing: border-box;">different crops</font></font>.

ii. <font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font style="box-sizing: border-box;">Plains are more fit for the cultivation of crops as they are suitable for diverse farming.</font></font>

<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font style="box-sizing: border-box;">iii. They suffer less soil erosion</font></font>

<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font style="box-sizing: border-box;">iv. They offer climate which is good for wheat and rice crops even in case of limited rainfall.</font></font>

Anamudi near Munnar, Kerala, which is 2675m high. The next highest is Doddabetta 2623 m high.

The Upanishads were so called because they were taught to those who sat down beside their teachers. (upa=near, ni=down, shad=sit). These texts developed from the Vedic tradition, but largely reshaped Hinduism by providing believers with philosophical knowledge. The Upanishads are a collection of texts of religious and philosophical nature, written in India probably between c. 800 BCE and c. 500 BCE, during a time when Indian society started to question the traditional Vedic religious order. Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions.

Vardhamana Mahavira was the prince of the Lichchhavis, a group that was part of the Vajji sangha. He was the 24th tirthankar of the Jainism. He belonged to the Vajji sangha. When he was about 30 years of age; he left his home. He roamed in forests in pursuit of the ultimate truth of life. He lived a lonely and tough life. After spending a long period of 12 years of hardships; Mahavira attained enlightenment.

Government is needed to make decisions and to get things done. The government takes decision on various matters; like how and where to build roads, schools and railway lines, how to improve the public healthcare system, how to improve the supply of drinking water, etc.

The government needs to take decisions on various social issues. For example; government formulates programmes on helping the poor people. Government takes decision when there is some conflict between two social groups.

• Purvas  and Angas  are the religious literature of the Jains. Ashtangika marga It means the eightfold path.
• Vardhamana Mahavira is regarded as the twenty-fourth and the last tirthankara of the Jains.
• The three principles of Jainism are right faith, right knowledge and right conduct which are known as Titrants.

The Nanda empire originated from the kingdom of Magadha during the fourth centyury BCE. Mahapadma Nanda seized the Magadha throne. He was the founder of Nanda empire. At the its greatest extent, the Nanda empire extened from Bihar and Bengal in the east to Sindth and Baluchistan in the west.

• Gautam Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha around 566 BC to the King and Queen of Kapilavastu, Shuddhodana and Mayadevi. Soon after his birth an astrologer predicted that Prince Siddhartha was destined to lead the life of a sage and that he would give up his right to the throne and all worldly pleasures.
• Shuddhodana and Mayadevi were shattered upon hearing the news and decided to prevent him from being exposed to the outside world, keeping a close watch on him.
• A young Siddhartha never left the palace and saw nothing more than the luxuries of it. His parents hoped that he would get used to the luxurious lifestyle and never give it up.
• At the age of 16, his parents got him married to Yashodhara who was a beautiful daughter of a nobleman, The King had hoped that this would be another reason for Siddhartha to not leave the palace.
• After 49 days of meditation, at the age of 35, Siddhartha attained enlightenment. From that day on he was known as Buddha or the ‘Awakened One.’ He was named after the Bodhi tree under which he meditated.
• Gautam Buddha shared his knowledge with five sanyansis who meditated with him. Together, they traveled across the country teaching key principles of Buddhism.

Punch-marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. There are uncertainties regarding the actual time punch-marked coinage started in India, with proposals ranging from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.

Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, and the ways in which society adapts to the change. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008.