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Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Lord Curzon, based on the Risley Report of 1904 which stayed that ' Bengal United is a power : Bengal divided will pull in several different ways.' East Bengal was given to the Muslims and West Bengal to the Hindus. The reason given to the people was that the partition was necessary for administrative convenience. But the real reason was because Bengal was the centre of all Revolutionary activity.

The Partition of Bengal created widespread education among the people of Bengal. Hindus and Muslims came out into the street singing Vande Mataram. The movement soon spread to other parts of India. People decided to Boycott foreign goods and Institutions and use Indian goods. Thus the movement came to be called the Swadeshi Movement. The success of the movement led some National leads to advocate 'revolutionary terrorism' as a means to end British rule. Bengal was reunited in 1911.