Cell is called the fundamental unit of life. A cell is capable of independent existence and can carry out all the functions which are necessary for a living being. A cell carries out nutrition, respiration, excretion, transportation and reproduction; the way an individual organism does. Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence which shows a cell’s capability to exist independently. Due to this, a cell is called the fundamental and structural unit of life. All living beings are composed of the basic unit of life, i.e. cell.

According to the Work-Energy Theorem, the work done by a net force on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy can be proved mathematically as the following:
1/2 mv ² - 1/2 mu² = 1/2 m(2ad)
1/2 mv² - 1/2 mu² = mad
1/2 mv² = Final Kinetic energy, K.E_f.
1/2 mu² = Initial Kinetic energy, K.E_.i
According to Newton's Second law of motion, F= ma
work done by the net force W = Fd
So, K.E_f - K.E._I = W
 

SONAR (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

Demand is a quantity of a commodity which a consumer wishes to purchase at a given level of price and during a specified period of time.
In other words, demand for a commodity refers to the desire to buy a commodity backed with sufficient purchasing power and the willingness to spend.

5*s=5s

• The region around the electric charge in which the stress or electric force act is called an electric field or electrostatic field. If the magnitude of charge is large, then it may create a huge stress around the region.
• The electric field is represented by the symbol E. The SI unit of the electric field is newton per coulomb which is equal to volts per meter.

1. Man-induced Deforestation: Deforestation is the cutting down of trees and plants to make way for any development activity. Mother nature taking out an entire forest is one thing, but man doing it for the use of crop cultivation, fuel, and other consumption, is another. Each day our forests are bulldozed for the prospect of farms and factories. Fuel used for wood and charcoal only adds to the polluted gases in the atmosphere. Our consumer commodities provided by forestry includes paper and lumber. The loss of our forests results in a chain reaction where too much carbon is released into the air, with not enough oxygen to combat it.
2. Fossil Fuels: Pollution whether it is vehicular, electrical or industrial is the main contributor to the global warming. Everyday billions of vehicles release various gases into the atmosphere. This causes earth to warm up and increase its average temperature. Electricity causes pollution in many ways. Over 75% of the electricity worldwide is produced by burning of fossil fuels. Many gases are sent into the air when <a href="https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_fossilfuels.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">fossil fuels</a> are burnt of which main is the carbon dioxide gas.

Money or Credit Creation by Commercial Banks Commercial banks increases the flow of money in an economy by credit creation. This process of credit creation is an outcome of its two primary functions, i.e. acceptance of loans and advancement of deposits. The banks issue loans from their cash reserves with the confidence on their historical experience that all depositors will not withdraw their funds at the same time. In this way, commercial banks create credit many more times than their cash reserves and contributes to increase money supply in the economy. It depends on initial level of deposits and money multiplier.

Money creation is determined by :
(i) The amount of the initial fresh deposits.
(ii) The Legel Reserve Ratio (LRR) is the minimum ratio of deposits legally required to be kept as cash by the banks.
(iii) Money Multiplies = 1/LRR

Total Money Creation = Initial Deposits x 1/LRR

e.g. Let the LRR be 20%

Fresh deposits = Rs.  10000
Amount required by the banks to keep = Rs. 2000 as cash suppose the banks lend the remaining amount of Rs. 8000. The commercial banks also know by way of their historical experience that all the depositors would not show up in the banks to withdraw all their deposits at a point of time. Those person who borrow, use this money for making payments, also all the transactions will be carried out through banks.
Further, it is also assumed that, those who receive fresh deposits of Rs. 8000, the banks again keep Rs. 1,600 as cash and lend Rs. 6,400, which is also 80% of the last deposit, the money again comes back to the banks leading to a fresh deposit of Rs.6,400. In this way, the money goes on multiplying and ultimately total money creation is Rs.50,000.
As, according to the formula
Total money creation =10,000 x 1/20 x 100 = Rs.  50,000

Invar is a 36% nickel iron alloy which has the lowest thermal expansion among all metals and alloys in the range from room temperature up to approximately 230°C. The Invar alloy is ductile and easily weldable, and machinability is similar to austenitic stainless steel.