This was a draft moved by Nehru in 1946 and adopted by constituent assembly in 1947 which later formed as a base to Preamble of Indian Constitution. Following are the first three provisions of the objective resolution proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

• Independent India will essentially be a republic.
• Social, political and economic democracy would be guaranteed to all the people.
• The Republic would grant fundamental rights to all its citizens.

• Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912.
• It was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 before fully being developed by Alfred Wegener.
• The theory deals with the distribution of the oceans and the continents.
• According to Wegener’s Continental Drift theory, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Super Continent) – Pangaea and a Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent. The mega ocean is known by the name Panthalassa.
• Although Wegener’s initial theory did not cover mantle convection until Arthur Holmes later proposed the theory.
• The supercontinent was named Pangaea (Pangea) and the Mega-ocean was called Panthalassa.
• According to this theory, the supercontinent, Pangaea, began to split some two hundred million years back.
• Pangaea first split into 2 big continental masses known as Gondwanaland and Laurasia forming the southern and northern modules respectively.
• Later, Gondwanaland and Laurasia continued to break into several smaller continents that exist today.

The sources of data can be classified into two types: statistical and non-statistical. Non-statistical sources refer to the collection of data for other administrative purposes or for the private sector.

There are following limitations of statistics :
Sometimes, when data are not properly collected 1 then there is likelihood to draw wrong conclusions.
Therefore, it is necessary to know the limitations of statistics.
(i) Statistics does not study about individuals : Statistics are expressed in facts. It does not study individuals. For example, there are five students in a class. Statistics only tells the average marks obtained in class not how many marks are obtained by every student in the class.
(ii) It does not study the qualitative aspect of problem : The most important condition of statistical study is that subject of investigation and inquiry should be capable of being qualitatively measured. For example, honesty, poverty, etc.
(iii) Statistics can be misused: The result obtained can be manipulated accordingly to one’s own interest and such manipulated results can mislead the community.
(iv) Statistical results lack mathematical accuracy: The results drawn from statistical analysis are normally in approximates. As the satistical analysis is based on observation of mass data, number of inaccuracies may be present and it is difficult to rectify them.
(v) Uniformity and homogeneity of data : It is essential that data must have the quality of uniformity and homogeneity. Heterogeneous data are not comparable. For example, it would be meaningless to compare the heights of men with heights of trees because these figures are of heterogeneous character.

1. It consists of aggregates of facts:

In the plural sense, statistics refers to data, but data to be called statistics must consist of aggregate of certain facts.

A single and isolated fact or figure like, 60 Kgs. weight of a student or the death of a particular person on a day does not amount to statistics.

For a data may amount to statistics it must be in the form of a set or aggregate of certain facts, viz. 50, 65, 70 Kgs. Weight of students in a class or profits of a firm over different times etc. is liable to be effected by multiplicity of causes.

2. It is effected by many causes:

It is not easy to study the effects of one factor only by ignoring the effects of other factors. Here we have to go for the effects of all the factors on the phenomenon separately as well as collectively, because effects of the factors can change with change of place, time or situation.

Here, the overall effect is taken and not of one factor only as in other natural sciences. For example, we can say that result of class XII in board examination does not depend on any single factor but collectively on standard of teachers, teaching methods, teaching aids, practical’s performance of students, standard of question papers and as well as of evaluation.

3. It should be numerically expressed:

A data to be called statistics should be numerically expressed so that counting or measurement of data can be made possible. It means that the data or the fact to constitute statistics must be capable of being expressed in some quantitative form as weights of 60, 70, 100 and 90 Kg. or profits of Rs. 10,000, Rs. 20,000 etc. Thus these data must contain numerical figures so that those may be called as numerical statement of facts.

4. It must be enumerated or estimated accurately:

As stated above that the statements should be precise and meaningful. For getting reasonable standard of accuracy the field of enquiry should not be very large. If it is infinite or very large, even enumeration of data is impossible and reasonable standard of accuracy may not be achieved. To achieve it we have to make on estimate according to reasonable standard of accuracy depending upon the nature and purpose of collection of data. e.g. we may measure the height of buildings in metres but we cannot measure the length of small things like bricks in the same unit of metre.

5. It should be collected in a systematic manner:

Another characteristic of statistics is that the data should be collected in a systematic manner. The data collected in a haphazard manner will lead to difficulties in the process of analysis, and wrong conclusions. A proper plan should be made and trained investigators should be used to collect data so that they may collect statistics. If it is not done, in such cases reliability of data gets decreased. So to get correct results the data must be collected in a precise manner.

6. It should be collected for a predetermined purpose:

Before we start the collection of data, we must be clear with the purpose for which we are collecting the data. If we have no information about its purpose, we may not be collecting data according to the needs. We may need some more relevant data to achieve the required purpose, which we would miss in the event of its ignorance.

Suppose we want to get data on imports and exports, we have to know about various segments such as electronics, consumer articles, grains and such other segregations also. If some person on govt. duty is counting the vehicles passing through a road in a unit time is statistics, but same work done by any other person not related to this field, is not statistics because the former is doing it for the Government which wants to make it four lane road-if needed.

7. It should be capable of being placed in relation to each other:

It is last but not less important of the characteristics of the statistics. The collection of data is generally done with the motive to compare. If the figures collected are not comparable, in that case, they lose a large part of their significance.

It means, the figures collected should be homogeneous for comparison and not heterogeneous. For example, Heterogeneous data like sale of Rs. 20,000 result of 80% cases and mileage of 80 kms can never be placed in relation to each other and compared for analysis and interpretation which is the ulterior motive of the science of statistics. It can be concluded that all statistics are numerical data but all numerical data are not statistics unless they satisfy all the essential characteristics of statistics, depicted as above.

Statistics is the study and manipulation of data, including ways to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. The two major areas of statistics are descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistics can be used to make better-informed business and investing decisions.

मीरा संसार में लोगों को मोह-माया में जकड़े हुए देखकर रोती है। मीरा के अनुसार संसार के सुख-दुःख ये सब मिथ्या हैं। मीरा सांसारिक सुख-दुःख को असार मानती है। उसे लगता है कि किस-प्रकार लोग सांसारिक मोह-माया को सच मान बैठे हैं और अपने जीवन को व्यर्थ की गँवा रहें हैं और इसी कारण वे जगत को देखकर रोती हैं।

1. Right to Equality
2. Right to Freedom
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number in the list is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.

NATURE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment created by man. 2. Elements of physical are land, water, soil, climate, vegetation, fauna 3. Elements of cultural are transport and communication, settlements, crops NATURALISATION OF HUMANS a. Man interact with nature with the help of technology b. It is not important that what he creates but with what tools he used to create c. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society d. Understanding the nature helps to create technology 1. understanding of friction and heat helped to discover fire

2. understanding DNA helped to eradicate diseases

3. laws of thermodynamics helped to develop fast planes

4. knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology and technology loosens the shackles of environment on human being .

NATURE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

1. Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical environment and socio-cultural environment created by man. 2. Elements of physical are land, water, soil, climate, vegetation, fauna 3. Elements of cultural are transport and communication, settlements, crops NATURALISATION OF HUMANS a. Man interact with nature with the help of technology b. It is not important that what he creates but with what tools he used to create c. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society d. Understanding the nature helps to create technology 1. understanding of friction and heat helped to discover fire

2. understanding DNA helped to eradicate diseases

3. laws of thermodynamics helped to develop fast planes

4. knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop technology and technology loosens the shackles of environment on human being .