• An atom consists of heavy positively charged nucleus. The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
• The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus in definite circular paths called orbits or energy level.
• Each energy level is associated with definite amount of energy.
•  The change in energy takes place when electron jumps from one energy level to another energy level.

A galvanometer is a device used to detect feeble electric currents in a circuit.  It has a coil pivoted (or suspended) between concave pole faces of a strong laminated horse shoe magnet.  When an electric current passes through the coil, it deflects.   The deflection is proportional to the current passed. The galvanometer coil has a moderate resistance (about 100 ohms) and the galvanometer itself has a small current carrying capacity (1 mA).An ammeter is a device used for measuring large electric currents in circuits.  For this purpose, it is put in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured.Conversion
A galvanometer can detect only small currents.  Thus, to measure large currents it is converted into an ammeter.  It can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance called shunt resistance in parallel to the galvanometer.
Let G be the resistance of the galvanometer and Ig be the current for full scale deflection in the galvanometer, the value of the shunt resistance required to convert the galvanometer into an ammeter of 0 to I ampere is,
S = I g G I I g
Ig is calculated using the equation, Ig = nk, where n is the number of divisions on the galvanometer and k is the figure of merit of galvanometer.
What is figure of merit of a galvanometer?
The figure of merit of a galvanometer is defined as the current required in producing a unit deflection in the scale of the galvanometer.  It is represented by the symbol k and is given by the equation,k {tex}= \frac { E }{ { (R+S) }^{ 0 } }{/tex}
Where E is the e.m.f. of the cell and is the deflection produced with resistance R.
Let l be the length of the resistance wire required for a resistance of S ohm,
Then l=πr²​ / ρ * S
where, r is the radius of the wire and is the resistivity of the material of the wire.

(a) The unit sale prices of <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z </i>are respectively given as Rs 2.50, Rs 1.50, and Rs 1.00.

Consequently, the total revenue in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

The total revenue in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Therefore, the total revenue in market I isRs 46000 and the same in market II isRs 53000.

(b) The unit cost prices of <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z </i>are respectively given as Rs 2.00, Rs 1.00, and 50 paise.

Consequently, the total cost prices of all the products in market I can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Since the total revenue in market I isRs 46000, the gross profit in this marketis (Rs 46000 − Rs 31000) Rs 15000.

The total cost prices of all the products in market II can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

Since the total revenue in market II isRs 53000, the gross profit in this market is (Rs 53000 − Rs 36000) Rs 17000

Capacitanceis denoted by, C = Q/V. It depends on:

• Geometrical configuration (shape, size, separation) of the system of two conductors.
• Nature of insulator/dielectric separating

Useful Microorganisms

• These form a significant part of the ecosystem and participate in the production of minerals and gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide. 
• They also feed on the dead and decaying matter by converting the complex compounds into the simpler ones.
• The biogeochemical cycle such as the nitrogen cycle is an important example of useful microorganisms.
• Microorganisms are used in various industries for the production of various metabolites such as ethanol, riboflavin, lactic acid, and butanol. 

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