(i) The Soviet System was very bureaucratic and authoritarian.
 (ii) Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech.
 (iii) Tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people.
 (iv) Russia dominated everything and people from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.

Operation Infinite Reach was the codename for American cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan. For this, the US did not bother of any international law. This operation was ordered by President Clinton in response to bombing of the US embassies in Kenya, Dar-es-Salaam, and Tanzania in 1998.

The factors responsible for the restoration of the Congress Party after its split in 1969 were:

1. Abolition of privy purse: The Government of India tried to bring a Constitutional Amendment in 1970, but it was not passed in Rajya Sabha. It then issued an ordinance which was struck down by the Supreme Court. Indira Gandhi made this into a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support. After 1971, elections the Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for the abolition of ' privy purse'.
2. Garibi Hatao: After spliting, the new Congress had some positive agenda. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common programme: Indira Hatao ( Remove Indira). In contrast to this, she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao ( Remove Poverty). She focused on the growth of the public sector, the imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparities in income and opportunity, and the abolition of princely privileges. Through it, she tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth. The slogan garibi hatao gave her a strong independent nationwide political support base.
3. Major policy initiative: She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left orientation. She got the Congress Working Committee do adopt a Ten Point Programme. This programme included social control of banks, nationalisation of general insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, public distribution of food grains, land reforms and provision of house sites to the rural poor,
4. 1971's war: The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak War leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. Even the opposition leaders admired her statesmanship. Her party swept through all the State Assembly elections held in 1972. She has seen not only protector of the poor and the underprivileged, but also a strong nationalist leader.

In 1962, the Soviet Union decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base as USSR provided Cuba diplomatic and financial aid both. Hence, Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The US became aware of it and ordered American warships to intercept Soviet Union to remove missiles avoiding full scale nuclear war. Meanwhile the Soviet union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba. The clash seemed imminent what came to be known as Cuban Missile Crisis. It was a big confrontation between the USSR and the US.

Non-alignment cannot be referred to as Neutrality because neutrality refers to a policy of staying of war. NAM is a concept opposed to belligerency.

• It is a concept aiming at an independent foreign policy and peaceful co-existence.

Cold War referred to competitions, tensions and series of confrontations between the super powers.