Soviet Union lagged behind the west in technology, infrastructure and could not fulfil political aspirations of people.

• The Soviet system, however, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens.
• Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in jokes and cartoons.
• Most of the institutions of the Soviet state needed reform: the one-party system represented by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people.
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 also weakened the system furthermore.

India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence." In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only". The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorise the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor.  According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in 2001–2002, India remained committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy.

Ways in which the collapse of Soviet Union affected the world politics:-
(i) End of the Cold War confrontations.End of the ideological conflict between socialists and capitalist system.
(ii) Power relations in world politics changed and the relative influence of ideas and institutions also changed.
(iii)The emergence of new independent countries with their own independent aspirations and choices.

India has opposed international treaties aimed at non-proliferation because they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of five nuclear powers. Thus, India opposed NPT in 1995 and refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).

The Balance of Power is an equalisation of power between different states. When a country look around them, they see that some countries are bigger and stronger.This is a cue who might be a threat in the future. 
This can be achieved by building alliances. A good part of maintaining this balance of power is to build up one’s military, economic and technological power since they are the basis of military power. .

 Arenas means the areas where crisis and war occurred or threatened to occur between the alliance systems but did not cross certain limits and there was no nuclear war or world hostilities,
 Arenas of the Cold War were as given below :
(i) The Cuban Missile crisis took place in 1962.
(ii) The two superpowers came into direct confrontations in Korea (1950-53), Berlin (1958-62) and theCongo (The early 1960s).
 Results : (i) Many people died in arenas like Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan.
(iii) In some cases huge military build-ups were reported.
(iv) In many cases, diplomatic communication between the superpowers could not be sustained and contributed to the misunderstandings.

Emergence of bipolar world:
1. Two superpowers expanded their own spheres of influence in different parts of the world.
2. It divided the world into two alliances namely Western and Eastern alliance headed by the US and Soviet Union respectively.
3. The smaller states in alliances got the promise of protection of weapons and economic aid against their local rivals, hence they remained tied to its protective superpowers to limit influence of other superpower and its allies.

A citizen is a person who lives in a city. It can be a child or adult or senior citizen.

A voter is an adult citizen who votes for the election.

The causes of Soviet disintegration can be summed up as follows:
1. Economic Stagnancy:
(a) Economic institutions experienced internal weaknesses to meet the aspirations of people.
(b) Economic stagnation for many years to severe consumer shortages.
2. Political and Administrative Causes:
(a) The only ruling Communist Party was not accountable despite its rule of 70 years.
(b) Theordinaiypeoplewereabstained from taking participation in political riots, hence the system became incapable of correcting its mistakes.
(c) The ordinary citizens were exempted from gaining the privileges.
(d) Due to non-participation of people, the government lost popular support from all sides.
3. Gorbachev’s Reform Policies:
(а) Gorbachev’s reforms aimed at keeping the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions taking place in the west.
(b) Gorbachev focused to normalise relations with the west.
(c) Gorbachev worked to democratise the Soviet System.
(d) But Society was divided into two sections towards Gorbacheve’s reforms and both of them had contradictory views towards him.
4. Rise of Nationalism and Desire for Sovereignty:
(a) The rise of nationalism in various republics of Soviet Union proved to be immediate cause of revolutions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Georgia.
(b) The nationalist dissatisfaction with the Soviet Union was strongest in European and prosperous part in Russia and the Baltic areas as well as Ukraine and Georgia.
(c) Ordinary people felt alienated from Central Asia.

The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republic (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Ukraine, Georgia and others proved to be the most immediate cause for disintegration of the USSR.

Long form of NATD is NATD. National Association of Teachers of Dancing.

The Nuclear Non - proliferation Treaty was opened for signature in 1968. This treaty provides for prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapon technology and provides for finding methods for peaceful use of nuclear technology.

This treaty only recognises 5 states as nuclear weapon states- USA, UK, Russia, China and France. This treaty provides that all the other signatories except these recognised nuclear states would use nuclear energy only for peaceful purposes.

Herein lies the problem, India is not ready to sign the NPT due tk this problem. India feels that though this treaty a kind of nuclear apartheid is being followed on which there is discrimination between the nuclear weapon nations and those who want to become nuclear powers because we are entitled to the right of self defence.

In addition to India there is pakistan, North Korea, South Sudan and Israel which have not signed the NPT. Out of them India, Pakistan and North Korea have tested and declare that they have nuclear weapons.

In the 1970s there was great pressure on the then PM Indira Gandhi to sign the NPT but she did not. After which in 1974 India conducted her first nuclear tests.

India has had a no first use policy on nuclear weapons and has always maintained a righteous stand with regard to nuclear weapons. The not signing of the NPT was also justified on the grounds of defence against those countries that claim to have nuclear powered weapons as well.