Bcoz kashmir is a state which is constiting of muslim people and hindu ruler so at that tym if we not give some autonomy to the kashmir so there were some chances that we lost the kashmir as a part of India and it could be a part of pak that tym

Narendra modi said no first use can be reviewed because india is in between all enemy countries and china is very developed/developing country and china have top rated nuclear weapons so, narendra modi said that no 1st use can be reviwed.

Federalism is a system of government in which states or provinces share power with a national government. Cooperative federalism refers to a concept where various states cooperate with each other and with the centre to achieve the goals of growth, development of the states and the nation.

A bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception.

2 world has been dissolve... Arm race was finished... Ideological war was finished... Cold war was finished... Shock therapy had to be adopted...

That the terrorism is on the top and the al-quada can harm the terroritory ....with all its powet

It indicates the operation enduring freedom

Cuba

Historians have identified several causes that led to the outbreak of the Cold War, including: tensions between the two nations at the end of World War II, the ideological conflict between both the United States and the Soviet Union, the emergence of nuclear weapons, and the fear of communism in the United States.

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De do please link bhi..

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but the period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945.[1] The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) discouraged a pre-emptive attack by either side. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events and technological competitions such as the Space Race. The West was led by the United States as well as the other First World nations of the Western Bloc that were generally liberal democratic but tied to a network of authoritarian states, most of which were their former colonies.[2][A] The East was led by the Soviet Union and its Communist Party, which had an influence across the Second World. The US government supported right-wing governments and uprisings across the world, while the Soviet government funded communist parties and revolutions around the world. As nearly all the colonial states achieved independence in the period 1945–1960, they became Third World battlefields in the Cold War. The first phase of the Cold War began immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The United States created the NATO military alliance in 1949 in the apprehension of a Soviet attack and termed their global policy against Soviet influence containment. The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in response to NATO. Major crises of this phase included the 1948–49 Berlin Blockade, the 1927–1950 Chinese Civil War, the 1950–1953 Korean War, the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The USSR and the US competed for influence in Latin America, the Middle East, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, a new phase began that saw the Sino-Soviet split between China and the Soviet Union complicate relations within the Communist sphere, while US ally France began to demand greater autonomy of action. The USSR invaded Czechoslovakia to suppress the 1968 Prague Spring, while the US experienced internal turmoil from the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the 1960s–70s, an international peace movement took root among citizens around the world. Movements against nuclear arms testing and for nuclear disarmament took place, with large anti-war protests. By the 1970s, both sides had started making allowances for peace and security, ushering in a period of détente that saw the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the USSR. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension. The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when it was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of glasnost ("openness", c. 1985) and perestroika ("reorganization", 1987) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national sovereignty grew stronger in Eastern Europe, and Gorbachev refused to militarily support their governments any longer. In 1989, the fall of the Iron Curtain and a wave of revolutions (with the exception of Romania) peacefully overthrew all of the communist governments of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control in the Soviet Union and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991, the declaration of independence of its constituent republics and the collapse of communist governments across much of Africa and Asia. The United States was left as the world's only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy. It is often referred to in popular culture, especially with themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare.

Let me give you the link where you can see it.

If you have any doubt so u can ask

Indo - china relation from 1947 to 1962 i) After the Chinese revolution in 1949, india was one of the first countries to recognize the communist govt. Of China. ii) when china annexed Tibet in 1950, both the countries developed some differences. iii) In 1954, joint enunciation of panchsheel was made by Indian prime minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru and Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. iv) In 1959, india gave political asylum to Dalai Lama. This annoyed china. v) In 1962, china invaded the territory of India and relations between both the countries got strained. Hope this is useful for u ?

Indira vs syndicate i) the real challenge to Indira Gandhi came not only from the opposition but from within her own party. Indira Gandhi had to deal with the 'syndicate', a group of powerful and influential leader from within the Congress. ii) the syndicate had played a role in the installation of Indira Gandhi as the prime minister by enduring her election as a leader of the parliamentary party, but syndicate wanted to control after they managed to make her the prime minister.

Also followed by their respective allies .

Cold war refers to the series of confrontation , competition and tention between the two super powers USA and USSR .

the cold war project

The tension confrontation between two super powers and their allies

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a loose confederation of 15 republics with Russia as the leader. USSR was a strong bloc with great control over global politics from 1922 to 1991, when it was disintegrated into smaller units. In this post let’s analyse the reasons and impact of the disintegration of the USSR.

Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), principle of international environmental law establishing that all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet not equally responsible.

Parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmes and ideology got together to form anti- congress front.The socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia gave this strategy the name of ' non- congressism'.

The causes of Soviet disintegration can be summed up as follows: 1. Economic Stagnancy: (a) Economic institutions experienced internal weaknesses to meet the aspirations of people. (b) Economic stagnation for many years to severe consumer shortages. 2. Political and Administrative Causes: (a) The only ruling Communist Party was not accountable despite its rule of 70 years. (b) Theordinaiypeoplewereabstained from taking participation in political riots, hence the system became incapable of correcting its mistakes. (c) The ordinary citizens were exempted from gaining the privileges. (d) Due to non-participation of people, the government lost popular support from all sides. 3. Gorbachev’s Reform Policies: (а) Gorbachev’s reforms aimed at keeping the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions taking place in the west. (b) Gorbachev focused to normalise relations with the west. (c) Gorbachev worked to democratise the Soviet System. (d) But Society was divided into two sections towards Gorbacheve’s reforms and both of them had contradictory views towards him. 4. Rise of Nationalism and Desire for Sovereignty: (a) The rise of nationalism in various republics of Soviet Union proved to be immediate cause of revolutions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Georgia. (b) The nationalist dissatisfaction with the Soviet Union was strongest in European and prosperous part in Russia and the Baltic areas as well as Ukraine and Georgia. (c) Ordinary people felt alienated from Central Asia.