The main issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989 were as given below :

1. Rise of Other Backward Classes as a political force.
2. Decision of the National Front government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and subsequent stir.
3. Rise of politics based on religious identity and debate about secularism and democracy.
4. Demolition of Babri Masjid.
5. Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat.
6. End of Congress dominance and beginning of era of coalition politics.

Simla Agreement was signed between India (Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi) and Pakistan (President: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto). After Pakistan losing war of 1971 to India and India having captured some 90000+ military men of Pakistan, Indira Gandhi decided to end the conflict between India and Pakistan once and for all (which did not happen ever) by having a conflict resolution agreement between Pakistan and India. So on 2nd July 1972 India and Pakistan signed this agreement.

The agreement is as follows

1. Both sides will resolve any political or any type of dispute through bilateral negotiation.
2. That Kashmir problem is a bilateral issue and will be solved through bilateral negotiation and no third party intervention will be required for this (So India does not consider UN as a party for this negotiation).
3. Also cease fire line on 17 December 1971 will be considered as LOC (It was decided that this LOC will later be converted to International border which never happened).
4. That neither side will alter the border unilaterally even if there is any dispute of any kind between them.
5. Neither side will interfere in any interior matters of each other and will respect each others territorial integrity and will not use military force against each other.
6. Both sides from now will not disturb each other militarily and will work for the progress of their people and will maintain peace in Asian subcontinent.

After this agreement, East Pakistan was declared as an Independent country named Bangladesh. Also India released war prisoners.

The Simla Agreement (or Shimla Agreement) was signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Simla, the capital city of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It followed from the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 that led to the independence of Bangladesh, which was earlier known as East Pakistan and was part of the territory of Pakistan. India entered the war as an ally of Bangladesh which transformed the war into an Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The agreement was ratified by the Parliaments of both the nations in same year.

The agreement was the result of resolve of both the countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations". It conceived the steps to be taken for further normalisation of mutual relations and it also laid down the principles that should govern their future relations. However, this was not respected as dictators repeatedly came into power in Pakistan and aggression continued on both sides.

Disadvantages of communalism:-

1. The government decides on what the people can have, rather than what they want
2. Most all businesses are owned and controlled by the government.
3. Everybody is working, and most have nothing