Negative

Currency appreciation takes place when there is a decrease in the price of a foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency. Here, less rupees are required to buy one dollar, i.e. the value of domestic currency becomes more valuable in relation to a foreign currency. So, the quantum of imports will increase and the exports will decrease, and thereby it leads to a decrease in national income.

In the product method, the economy is usually divided into different industry sectors, such as fishing, agriculture, and transport. The national income is calculated by adding the total output of the companies in the economy.  To calculate the domestic income or Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDPFC), net direct taxes and depreciation should be subtracted from GDPMP. The product method formula applicable here is NDPFC=GDPMP – depreciation - net direct taxes.

Trade surplus means which products are remaining after doing trade inside our country and that material used to import in foreign country

It refers to a situation of excess of export from import.

S.N.	Strategic Sale	Minority Sale
(i)	Strategic sate involves the sale of minimum 51 % state of a Public Sector    Unit (PSU) la the private sector.	Minority sale involves the sale of less than 49% slake of a PSU to the private sector.
(ii)	The control and management of PSU is transferred to the private sector.	The control and management of PSU remains with the government as it holds the majority stake.
(iii)	It is done through a process of competitive bidding and subsequent sales to the partner.	Minority disinvestment are made via public offers.

Investment multiplier refers to the number of time by which the increase in output or income exceeds the increase in investment. It is measured as the ratio between change in income and change in investment. For example investment is increased by 1,000 crore rupees, now   Particulars Increase in Income (Rs. Crores) Change in Consumption (Rs. Crores) Change in Saving (Rs. Crores) Fist Round 1000 800 200 Second Round 800 640 160 Third Round 640 512 128 All other Rounds  2,560 2,048 512 Total 5,000 4,000 1,000 (a) In the multiplier process, increase in income in the first round is always equal to additional investment. So, Increase in income in the first round =Rs.1,000=Rs.1,000 crores.  (b) The saving off  Rs. 200 crores indicates that increase in consumption will be Rs. 800 crores in the first round.  - additonal consumption of Rs. 800 crores out of an additional income of Rs. 1,000 indicates that 80% of income is spent, Le. MPC = 0.8. The values of second and third round are calculated on the basis of this data.  (c) Total Increase in Income = Additional Investment x kxk. In the given case:  Multiplier (k)=11−MPC=11−0.8=5(k)=11−MPC=11−0.8=5 So, Total Increase in Income =1,000×5=Rs.5,000 crores=1,000×5=Rs.5,000crores (d) Total Increase in Consumption == Total increase in Income ×× MPC =5,000 x 0.8=Rs.4,000 crores=5,000x0.8=Rs.4,000crores. (e) Total Increase in Saving == Total Increase in Income −− Total Increase in Consumption =5,000−4,000=1,000 crores=5,000−4,000=1,000crores. (f) Values of All other Rounds' is calculated after subtracting the values of first, second and third round from the total increase in income, consumption and saving respectively.

The main features of Green Revolution in India were as follows
(i) High Yielding Varieties seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant.
(ii) Use of advanced technology, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and well-developed system of irrigation.
(iii) These steps solved food crisis in India and made India self-sufficient in foodgrains.
(iv) This led to higher income growth and reduced poverty.
(v) This led to commercialisation of agriculture. In many areas, Green Revolution is associated with loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilisers. Also, continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced the water level below the ground.

1 Use of packaged input 2 Scientific relation of crops 3 Credit and package input provided by government agencies

The introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds and the increased use of chemical fertilisers and irrigation are known collectively as Green Revolution. It provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in foodgrains, thus improved the agricultural sector in India. High yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1968 by American agronomist Norman Borlaug. Borlaug has been hailed as father of Green Revolution, but MS Swaminathan is known as 'Father of Green Revolution in India'.. Thus, Green Revolution is the term used to describe a new strategy of agricultural development introduced in the late 1960s, in India. It brought about significant increase in food production in India.

The new technology used for agriculture for increase in production

Net National Product at Market Prices = Compensation of employees + Rent + Interest + Dividends + Corporate tax + Undistributed profits − Net factor income to abroad + Net indirect taxes

 

Gross National Disposable Income = Net national product at market prices − Net current transfers to abroad + Consumption of fixed capital

Escheat refers to government ownership on asset without any successor.

Escheat refers to the right of a government to take ownership of estate assets or unclaimed property. It most commonly occurs when an individual dies with no will and no heirs. Escheat rights can also be granted when assets are unclaimed for a prolonged period of time. These situations can also be referred to as bona vacantia or simply just unclaimed property.

1/LLR=100/25=4. Total deposits will be equal to 12000 / 4= 3000

Intermediate goods refer to those goods which are used either for resale or for further production in the same year. They are not ready for use in the sense some value has to be added to the intermediate goods. They are still within the production boundary.

two examples of intermediate goods

(i) Milk used in dairy shop for resale; (ii) Coal used In factory for further production.

Furniture purchased by a school is a final product because it is purchased for investment. School buy furniture for long - term use and it is considered as an investment. School is the final user of the furniture and no value is to be added to the furniture. This will be deemed as investment expenditure because furniture is used by the school for several years and is of high value.

Yess ... Statistics can only be with quantitative data . because statistics solve economic problems

Personal income

During the reform period, the public investment in agricultural sector was reduced. Hence, irrigation, roads, power, market linkages and agricultural research were suffered. The small and medium farmer’s were badly affected by the removal of fertiliser subsidy.

Because of the policy changes such as the removal of minimum support price, decrease in import duties and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products have increased the international competition. Hence, the farmers have faced problem to compete with them.

Sources of human capital formation.
(i) Expenditure on education.
(ii) Expenditure on health.
(iii) On the job training.
(iv) Study programmes for adults.
(v) Migration and expenditure on information.

Yes, we agree with the above statement that the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British rule. The following are the reasons in favour of the statement.
(i) Discriminatory Tariff Policy The British rule used India both as a source of cheap raw materials as well as easy accessible market for their finished products. Thereby, they imposed heavy tariffs (export duties) on India's export of handicraft products, while allowed free export of India's raw material to Britain and free import of British finished products into India. This made India's exports costlier and its international demand loll drastically leading to the collapse of handicraft industries.
(ii) Competition from Machine-made Britain Goods The demand for the handicrafts products experienced a downward trend in the domestic markets as well. This was due to stiff competition from the machine made textiles from Britain. The goods produced mechanically in Britain using cheap raw material from India were comparatively lower in price and of superior quality than the Indian handicraft goods. This narrowed the market for Indian handicrafts industries.
(iii) Emergence of Western Lifestyle The British rule in India popularized Western lifestyle in India. There was an emergence of a new section of population (consisting mainly of zamindars) in India who liked the British goods and also promoted their use to please the British Government. This section used to spend lavishly on the British products that provided impetus for the development of British Industries al the cost of the domestic Industries. Hence, gradually Indian handicrafts industries perished away.
(iv) Downfall of Princely State Prior to the British rule, nawabs, rajas, princes and emperors ruled different parts of the country. They used to patronise handicrafts industries and consequently, Indian handicrafts gained reputation n; the international markets. But during the British rule, these princely stales were ruined thereby ruining the protection of those handicrafts industries. Thus, Indian handicrafts industries could not survive.

1. transfer payments are not included in estimating national income

2. imputed rent of self occupied houses are to be included in calculating national income

3. illegal money through smuggling etc.are not included as they cannot be easily estimated.

4. windfall gains are not included in this method.

5. indirect taxes are not included while estimating national income at factor cost.

6. income equal to the value of production for self consumption should be estimated and included in the measure of national income..

1) Commission generated due to sale of fixed asset must be included. 2) Amount generated from the sale o Old asset should not be included.

Indian handicraft industry was destroyed by the Britishers , Britishers introduced discriminatory tariff policy to destroy Indian handicraft industry . 1) loss of Indian princely state were also the cause of decline of Indian handicraft industry. 2) attraction of Indian towards the British culture was also one of the cause.

During the reform period, the public investment in agricultural sector was reduced. Hence, irrigation, roads, power, market linkages and agricultural research were suffered. The small and medium farmer’s were badly affected by the removal of fertiliser subsidy.

Because of the policy changes such as the removal of minimum support price, decrease in import duties and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products have increased the international competition. Hence, the farmers have faced problem to compete with them

Sources of human capital formation.
(i) Expenditure on education.
(ii) Expenditure on health.
(iii) On the job training.
(iv) Study programmes for adults.
(v) Migration and expenditure on information.