Money flow refers to the flow of money in terms of receipts and payments across different sectors of the economy. Flow of factor payments by producer sector to the household sector or flow of money from household sector to producer sector on account of the purchase of goods and services for consumption are examples of money flows. Real flow refers to the flow of goods and services across different sectors of the economy. Flow of factor services from household sector to the producer sector or flow of goods and services from producer sector to household sector are examples of real flows.  

Gross is the total amount exclusive of deductions. For example, gross pay, is the total pay before tax deductions.
Gross means without deductions; total, as the amount of sales, salary, profit, etc., before taking deductions for expenses, taxes, or the like gross earnings; gross sales.

The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) was launched on 25th September 2001, by merging the on-going schemes of EAS (Employment Assurance Scheme) and the JGSY (Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna). The Objective was to provide additional wage employment and food security, alongside the creation of durable community assets in rural areas. The cash component shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25. This scheme has been merged with NREGS since February 2006.

The Central government in India made a law for the Right to work in 200 districts of India is called National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA, 2005). It is also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Guarantee Act 2005 is an Indian labour law and social security measures that guarantees work. People who are able to and are in need of work are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government under this Act and the government give unemployment allowances to the people, if they fails to provide employment.

SJSRY stands for Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana in India is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme which came into effect on 1 December 1997. The scheme strives to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor, through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment

• The repayment tenure for this loan for unemployed extends between 3 to 7 years after moratorium period completion.
• The scheme provides project cost coverage of Rs. 2 Lakh, Rs.5 Lakh and Rs. 5 Lakh for the business sector, service sector and industry sector respectively.
• Collateral-free loans of up to Rs.1 Lakh is available under the scheme.
• The scheme covers all economically viable business options, which includes agricultural and allied activities. However, it excludes direct agricultural operations.
• The scheme provides a subsidy of 15% of the project cost with a maximum of Rs. 12,500 for every individual. For North-Eastern regions, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir, the maximum subsidy extends to Rs.15,000.

In India, twin problems exist i.e., poverty and unemployment. Poverty alleviation has been one of the guiding principles of the planning process in India. Poverty can effectively be eradicated only when the poor start contributing lo growth by their active involvement in the growth process. This can only be achieved by launching various employment schemes. Following points discussed the importance of Employment Generation Programmes to eradicate poverty.
(i) Nexus between Unemployment and Poverty There exists a deep nexus between unemployment and poverty. If employment opportunities are generated, then more people will be employed leading to rise in their income which in turn will reduce poverty.
(ii) Availability of Basic Facilities With the rise in employment opportunities, income increases and poor people are able to get access to education, health facilities, proper sanitation etc.
(iii) Creation of Assets The Employment Generation Programmes aim at creation of assets like water harvesting, irrigation facilities, construction of roads, construction of dams etc. All these assets help in the social and economic development of the rural areas and hence eradication of poverty.
(iv) Creation of Skills An essential element of employment generation programmes is the formation of human capital by imparting skills to the unskilled labourers through training. This skill formation enhances income earning capability of poor people. Thus, such poverty alleviation programmes like Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana, Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rogzar Yojana, National Food for Work Programme, Annapurna are came into an existence.

Human capital formation is the process of adding to the stock of human capital over a period of time.

Sources of human capital formation.
(i) Expenditure on education.
(ii) Expenditure on health.
(iii) On the job training.
(iv) Study programmes for adults.
(v) Migration and expenditure on information.

The empirical result shows that the elasticity coefficients of health indicators like crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth with respect to health infrastructure are -37.966, -27.816, - 30.598 and 10.282 respectively. The public system is essentially free for all Indian residents except for small, often symbolic co-payments in some services. In 2019, the total net government spending on healthcare was $ 36 billion or 1.23 % of its GDP.

Capital goods are goods used by one business to help another business produce consumer goods. Consumer goods are used by consumers and have no future productive use. Capital goods include items like buildings, machinery and tools. Examples of consumer goods include food, appliances, clothing and automobiles. Human capital relates to the expected goods people should be able to produce, whereas, capital goods focus on the total output people produce. ... Human capital is the investment humans make in factories and machinery, whereas, capital goods are the investment humans make in education to produce technology.

Fiscal policy measures to correct excess demand are: increase in taxes, reduction in government expenditure, etc. Monetary policy measures to correct excess demand situation increases in CRR, an increase in bank rate, etc. In a situation of excess demand, the central bank raises the limit of margin requirements. This discourages borrowing because it makes traders get less credit against their securities. ... Other measures of monetary policy are credit rationing, control of consumer credit, wage freeze and direct action.

Domestic territory: In common language, the domestic territory of a nation means political territory of a nation. In economics, it refers to economic territory which refers to the geographical territory administered by a government within which persons, goods and capital circulate freely. Domestic territory of a nation includes the following:
a) Territory lying within the political frontier including territorial waters of a country.
b) Ships and air crafts operated by residents of the country across different parts of the world.
c) Embassies, consulates and military establishments of a country located in abroad

Allocation of resources is one of the important objectives of government budget. In a mixed economy, the private producers aim towards profit maximisation, while, the government aims towards welfare maximisation. The private sector always tend to divert resources towards areas of high profit, while, ignoring areas of social welfare. In such a situation, the government through the budgetary policy, aims to reallocate resources in accordance with the economic (profit maximisation) and social (public welfare) priorities of the country. Government can influence allocation of resources through:

(i) Tax concessions or subsidies: To encourage investment, government can give tax concession, subsidies etc. to the producers. For example, Government discourages the production of harmful consumption goods (like liquor, cigarettes etc.) through heavy taxes and encourages the use of ‘Khaki products’ by providing subsidies.

(ii) Directly producing goods and services: If private sector does not take interest, government can directly undertake the production.

The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important, because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). Stalin believed that the Soviet Union had to build up its industry so it could defend itself from attack by countries in the west. Stalin wanted to modernise factories in the Soviet Union to increase the amount of goods produced.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was founded in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT). It is beneficial to become a member of WTO because of the following reasons
(i) Rule Based Trading WTO is formed to establish a rule based trading system in which arbitrary restrictions cannot be placed on trade by different nations. This helps in making the trade environment more stable.
(ii) Equality of Opportunities Under WTO, the member countries confer the status of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) to all other member countries. Thus, WTO provides equal opportunities to all countries in the international market for trading purposes.
(iii) Multilateral Negotiations The purpose of WTO is also to enlarge production and trade of services, to ensure optimum utilization of world resources and to protect the environment. The WTO agreements cover trade in goods as well as services to facilitate international trade through multilateral trade negotiations leading to removal of tariff as well as non-tariff barriers. This helps in providing {greater market access to all member countries. However, some scholars question the usefulness of being a member of the WTO. They are of the view that while developed countries force the developing countries to open up their markets but do not allow access to their own markets. Similarly, developing countries are pressurized to remove non tariff barriers such as subsidies but developed nations continue with them.