Gross investment is the total addition made to the capital stock of an economy over a given period of time whereas net investment is the actual addition made to the capital stock of an economy. The only difference between gross and net investment is the depreciation of capital assets that happens over a period of time. Gross investment consists of depreciation whereas net investment does not include depreciation. Hence, if depreciation is deducted from gross investment it can be equal to net investment.

It is a tax collected by intermediaries (for example, retailers) from the ultimate taxpayers i.e. the consumers. The incidence and impact of the tax is on different persons . For example - VAT, custom duty.

Disinvestment in India is a policy of the Government of India, wherein the Government liquidates its assets in the Public sector Enterprises partially or fully. The decision to disinvest is mainly to reduce the fiscal burden and bridge the revenue shortfall of the government. Allowing the private sector to pump capital into these ailing PSUs would, of course, go some way in turning around these entities even as it provides the government with funds to bankroll welfare programs. Hence, the process of disinvestment in India was started in the year 1992.

The Slope of the Aggregate Demand Curve

We will use the implicit price deflator as our measure of the price level; the aggregate quantity of goods and services demanded is measured as real GDP. The table in <a href="https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-economics-v2.0/s25-aggregate-demand-and-aggregate.html#rittenmacro-ch07_s01_s01_f01">Figure 22.1 "Aggregate Demand"</a> gives values for each component of aggregate demand at each price level for a hypothetical economy. Various points on the aggregate demand curve are found by adding the values of these components at different price levels. The aggregate demand curve for the data given in the table is plotted on the graph in <a href="https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-economics-v2.0/s25-aggregate-demand-and-aggregate.html#rittenmacro-ch07_s01_s01_f01">Figure 22.1 "Aggregate Demand"</a>. At point A, at a price level of 1.18, $11,800 billion worth of goods and services will be demanded; at point C, a reduction in the price level to 1.14 increases the quantity of goods and services demanded to $12,000 billion; and at point E, at a price level of 1.10, $12,200 billion will be demanded.

Click on the following links:

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiI27HMh8vtAhVVyzgGHajLDH4QFjABegQIAhAC" href="https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-economics-v2.0/s25-aggregate-demand-and-aggregate.html" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-economics-v2.0/s25-aggregate-demand-and-aggregate.html&ved=2ahUKEwiI27HMh8vtAhVVyzgGHajLDH4QFjABegQIAhAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Chapter 22: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply</a>

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiI27HMh8vtAhVVyzgGHajLDH4QFjACegQIARAC" href="https://www.slideshare.net/kinnar32/aggregate-demand-supply" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/kinnar32/aggregate-demand-supply&ved=2ahUKEwiI27HMh8vtAhVVyzgGHajLDH4QFjACegQIARAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Aggregate demand &supply - SlideShare</a>

 'Unilateral Transfers'' are also known as One-way Transfers.

 Autonomous items in BOP accounts refer to international economic transactions that take place due to economic motives like profit maximisation. These are called autonomous items because they are independent of balance of payment considerations.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Economics

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a single index measure that aims to record the three key dimensions of human development: access to knowledge, a decent standard of living, and long and healthy life. In other words, the human development index is practiced to measure how development has improved human life.

Human Development Index Rank

• India has been on 130^th rank in Human Development Index.

Life Expectancy

• It is the age which a particular person belonging to a particular age is expected to live.
• Life Expectancy at birth in IndiaMales: 67.34 years

  Females: 69.64 years

Infant Mortality Rate

• It is the total number of infants dying below the age of 1 year out of 1000 babies.
• Infant Mortality Rate in India is 40.5 infants.

Unemployment: It is a situation where a person is ready and willing to work at the prevailing wage-rate but doesn’t get work.

Types of unemployment:

1. Rural unemployment
a. Seasonal Unemployment
b. Disguised Unemployment

2. Other types of unemployment
a. Open
b. Frictional
c. Structural
d. Cyclical

Unemployment: It is a situation where a person is ready and willing to work at the prevailing wage-rate but doesn’t get work.

Types of unemployment:

1. Rural unemployment
a. Seasonal Unemployment
b. Disguised Unemployment

2. Other types of unemployment
a. Open
b. Frictional
c. Structural
d. Cyclical

This simply means that before British came into India ,India was ruled by different emperors,nawabs,rajas and princes.because of their patronise on handicrafts ,the Indian handicraft industry had acquired international reputation.when the British came India or in the beginning of British rule  made a end of princely courts due to which handicrafts started decaying.

Finance and credit are the two essential requirements for rural development. The rural areas often suffer from low income leading to low rate of savings. Farmers find it very difficult to increase their productivity by investing on their farm lands. Further, the limited number of banks that are available in the rural areas prefer to forward credit to the farmers with large land-holdings. Getting credit from banks being difficult, the small and marginal farmers fall easy prey to the money lenders. The infusion of credit is very essential for the growth of agricultural sector, leading to rural economic development. The importance of credit in rural development is highlighted in the following points:

1. Credit helps the farmers to commercialise their farming. In other words, commercial farming requires funds that are provided via credit. As the small and the marginal farmers produce only for their subsistence, they fail to generate sufficient surplus to reinvest on their lands leading to degradation of the land.

2. Secondly, given the long gestation period between sowing and harvesting of the crops, credit is extended to the farmers for meeting their initial requirements of farm inputs like seeds, fertilisers, etc.

3. Credit saves the farmers from the vicious circle of poverty. The farmers require funds for meeting their general and specific needs. These needs are to be fulfilled via credit.

4. Lastly, agriculture has always been dependent at the vagaries of climate. In the absence of good monsoon or crop failure, farmers are worst hurt. Thus, in order to save them from such tragedy, crop insurance and farm credit plays a vital role.

1. Disinvestment is defined as the action of a government aimed at selling or liquidating its shareholding in a public sector enterprise in order to get the government out of the business of production and increase its presence and performance in the provision of public goods and basic public services such as infrastructure, education, health, etc.
2. Funds from disinvestment would also help in reducing public debt and bring down the debt-to-GDP ratio while competitive public undertakings would be enabled to function effectively.

Disinvestment – Objectives

The main objectives of disinvestment in India are:

1. To reduce the financial burden of the sick, loss-making PSU’s on the Government
2. To improve public finances
3. To introduce competition and market discipline
4. To fund growth, social sector welfare
5. To encourage a wider share of ownership
6. To depoliticize non-essential servicesv

GDP doesn't account for externalities. 

Externalities are basically:
Positive Externality: Example: Saving commuting time due to construction of a fly-over, increases welfare, GDP as an index understates welfare. 
Negative Externality: Example: Pollution from factories, decreases welfare, GDP overstates welfare. 

Land reform means equity in agriculture, which also means the shift in the ownership of landholdings. Land reform normally relates to the redistribution of land from the rich to the poor. More deeply, it involves control of operation, ownership, sales, leasing, and inheritance of land. In a country like India with vast deficiency and irregular arrangement, of land, with a huge mass of the rural people below the poverty line, there are captivating economic and political disputes for land reform.

Expenditure regarding on the job training is a source of human capital formation as a return of such expenditure in the form of enhanced labour productivity is more than the cost of it.

(i)Instruments Money market raises funds by wide variety of short-term securities such as call money, treasury bills, trade bills, commercial paper, certificate of deposit, etc.
(ii)Duration Money market provides funds for a period of less than one year.
(iii)Participant The participants in the money market are large institutional investors such as Reserve Bank of India (RBI), commercial banks, financial institutions, non-banking finance companies, State Government, large corporate houses, etc.
(iv)Investment outlay Investment in money market entails huge sums of money as the instruments are quite expensive.
(v)Liquidity Money market instruments enjoy a high degree of liquidity as there is a formal arrangement for it. The Discount Finance House of India (DFHI) has been established for the specific objective of providing a ready market for money market instruments.
(vi)Expected return The expected rate of return of the money market is generally low as money is invested for a short duration.