Objectives of a Government Budget. Briefly put, promoting rapid and balanced economic development with equality and social justice has been the general objective of all our policies and plans. General objectives of a government budget are as under:
(i)    Economic growth. To promote rapid and balanced economic growth so as to improve living standard of the people. Economic growth implies increasing capacity of the economy to produce more goods and services. Public welfare is the main guide.
(ii)    Reduction of Poverty and Unemployment. To eradicate mass poverty and unemployment by creating maximum employment opportunities and providing maximum social benefits to the poor. Social welfare is the single most objective of the government. Every Indian should be able to meet his basic needs like food, clothing, housing along with decent health care and educational facilities.
(iii)    Reallocation of Resources. (A 2010, D 2011) To reallocate resources in line with social and economic objectives, government has to allocate resources into areas where private sector is not coming, e.g., sanitation, water supply, rural development, education, health, etc. Moreover, government provides more funds to productive sectors and draws away resources from some other sectors to promote balanced economic growth of different regions.
(iv)    Reduction of inequalities/Redistribution of income. To reduce inequalities of income and wealth government can influence distribution of income through levying taxes on the rich and granting subsidies to poor. Government uses progressive taxation policy, i.e., high rate of tax on rich people and lower rate on lower income group. Government provides subsidies and amentities to people whose income level is low. More, emphasis is laid on equitable distribution of wealth and income. Economic progress in itself is not a sufficient goal but goal must be equitable progress.
(v)    Price Stability/Economic stability. Government can bring economic stability i.e. can control fluctuations in general price level through taxes, subsidies and expenditure. For instance when there is inflation (continuous rise in prices), govt. can reduce its expenditure and when there is depression characterised by following output and prices, govt. can reduce taxes and grant subsidies to encourage spending by people.
(vi)    Management of public enterprises. To manage, public enterprises which are of the nature of monopolies like railways, electricity, etc.

The BoP statement provides a clear picture of the economic relations between different countries. It is an integral aspect of international financial management. Now that you have understood BoP and its components, let’s look at why it is important.

To begin with, the BoP statement provides information pertaining to the demand and supply of the country’s currency. The trade data shows a clear picture of whether the country’s currency is appreciating or depreciating in comparison with other countries. Next, the country’s BoP determines its potential as a constructive economic partner. In addition, a country’s BoP indicates its position in international economic growth.

By studying its BoP statement and its components closely, a country would be able to identify trends that may be beneficial or harmful to the economy and take appropriate measures.

1. Features of India’s pre-independence occupational structure. The following were the features of India’s pre-independence occupational structure. 1. Pre-dominance of agricultural sector: During pre-independence period agriculture was pre-dominant About 85% population of the country lived mostly in villages and.derived their livelihood directly or indirectly from agriculture. 2. Regional variation: There was growing regional variation The cotton textile mills mainly dominated by Indian’s were located in western parts of the country namely Maharashtra and Gujarat. The jute mills dominated by foreigners were mainly concentrated in Bengal. 3. Unbalanced growth: There was unbalanced growth in the economy. All the sectors of the economy were not growing equally during the second half of the 19th century. Modem industry began to take root in India but its progress remained Very slow. There was hardly any capital goods industry to help and promote further industrialisation in India the growth of the new industrial sector and its contribution.

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Measures initiated by the government to improve agricultural marketing are as follows:

1. Regulation of market is required to create orderly and transparent marketing conditions. In regulated markets, sale and purchase of the produce is checked by the Market Committee consisting of representatives of government, farmers and the traders.
2. Improvement in physical infrastructure is to improve the agricultural marketing. As the current existing facilities such as roads, railways, warehouses, processing units are not sufficient to meet the growing demand. Hence, government ensures the improvement in physical infrastructure.
3. Cooperative marketing is the measure taken by the government in realising the fair prices for farmer products. Farmers, as members of these societies, bargain well for better prices for their produce through collective sale.
4. The supportive policy instrument are assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for agricultural products, maintenance of buffer stocks of wheat and rice by Food Corporation of India (FCI) and distribution of food grains and sugar through Public Distribution System (PDS).

Yes, we do agree with the above statement that the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British times. The following are the reasons in favour of the statement.

1. Discriminatory Tariff Policy: The British rule in India corresponded with its industrialisation. The British rule used India both as a source of cheap raw materials as well as easy accessible market for their finished products. Thereby, they imposed heavy tariffs (export duties) on India’s export of handicraft products, while allowed free export of India’s raw material to Britain and free import of British products into India. This made Indian exports costlier and its international demand fell drastically leading to the collapse of handicrafts industries.

2. Competition from Machine made Britain Goods: The demand for the handicrafts products experienced a downward trend in the domestic markets as well. This was due to stiff competition from the machine made textiles from Britain. This was because of the reason that the goods produced mechanically in Britain were comparatively cheaper and of superior quality than the Indian handicraft goods. This narrowed the market for Indian industries.

3. Emergence of New Class: The British rule in India popularised western lifestyle in India. There was an emergence of a new section of population (consisting mainly of zamindars) in India who liked the British goods. This section used to spend lavishly on the British products that provided impetus for the development of British industries at the cost of the domestic industries. Hence, gradually Indian industries perished away.

4. Disappearance of Princely State: Prior to the advent of British, India was ruled by princely states. They used to patronise handicrafts industries and consequently, Indian handicrafts gained reputation in the international markets. But during the British rule, these princely states were ruined thereby ruining the protection of these handicrafts industries. Thus, gradually Indian handicrafts lost its reputation and its importance deteriorated.

(i) Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): It is a scheme started in 1993. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small businesses and industries.

(ii) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP): It was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 latch new jobs has been set for the programme.

 (iii) Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): It was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

 (iv) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): It was launched in 2000. Under this programme, additional Central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.

The following are the factors that necessitated the need for the economic reforms.

1. Huge Fiscal Deficit: Throughout 1980s, fiscal deficit was getting worse due to huge non-development expenditures. As a result, gross fiscal deficit rose from 5.7% of GDP to 6.6% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Subsequently, a major portion of this deficit was financed by borrowings (both from external and domestic source).

The increased borrowings resulted in increased public debt and mounting interest payment obligations. The domestic borrowings by government increased from 35% to 49.8% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. Moreover, the interest payments obligations accounted for 39.1% of total fiscal deficit. Consequently, India lost its financial worthiness in the international market and, fell in a debt trap. Thus, economic reforms were needed urgently.

2. Weak BOP Situation: BOP represents the excess of total amount of exports over total amount of imports. Due to lack of competitiveness of Indian products, India was not able to earn enough foreign exchange through exports to finance our imports. The current account deficit rose from 1.35% to 3.69% of GDP during 1980-81 to 1990-91. In order to finance this huge current account deficit, Indian government borrowed a huge amount from the international market. Consequently, the external debt increased from 12% to 23% of GDP during the same period. On the other hand, Indian exports were not potent enough to earn sufficient foreign exchange to repay these external debt obligations. This BOP crisis compelled the need for the economic reforms.

3. High level of Inflation: The high fiscal deficits forced the central government to monetise the fiscal deficits by borrowings from RBI. RBI printed new money that pushed up the inflation level, thereby, making the domestic goods more expensive. The rate of inflation rose from 6.7% p.a. to 10.3% p.a. during 1980s to 1990-91. In order to lower the inflation rate, government in 1991 had to opt for the economic reforms.

4. Sick PSUs: Public Sector Undertakings were assigned the prime role of industrialisation and removal of inequality of income and poverty. But the subsequent years witnessed the failure of PSUs to perform these roles efficiently and effectively. Instead of being a revenue generator for the central government, these became liability. The sick PSUs added an extra financial burden on the government’s budget.

Thus, because of all the above reasons existing concomitantly, the economic reforms became inevitable.

Kudumbashree is the poverty eradication and women empowerment programme implemented by the State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM) of the Government of Kerala. The name Kudumbashree in Malayalam language means 'prosperity of the family'.

Production Possibility Curve won't be influenced by demonetization in India. Generation plausibility boondocks is different mixes of products that can be delivered without squandering any assets. Since assets are not influenced, PPC isn't influenced.
To give a financial framework where individuals try endeavors to their greatest advantage to take the nation to the outskirts is the objective of the administration and approach creators. Since demonetization has caused disturbances and there has been wastage, we have unquestionably moved to a point that is further inside the outskirts in contrast with the situation before demonetization.

i. Population Control Measures

India has promoted various measures to arrest population explosion. The various population control measures include spread of awareness and knowledge of birth control measures and literacy.

ii. Use of Environment Supportive Fuel

As the fuels such as petrol and diesel emit huge amount of carbon dioxide that leads to global warming, so, the Indian government has promoted the use of CNG and LPG. These are clean, eco-friendly fuels that emit lesser smoke.

iii. Use of Solar and Wind Energy

India being a moderate country is enriched with sunlight and wind power. These are two free gifts of nature that is non-exhaustible. It solves the problem of economic growth with due focus on sustainable development.

iv. Recycling and Ban on Plastic Bags

The industrial and household wastes are accumulated on daily basis. There is a need to develop the habit of recycling of waste products in order to sustain the environment. Household waste can be used as manure for organic farming. A very recent step taken by the Indian government is banning the use of plastic bags. This is a very good step as plastic bags do not get decomposed easily and leads to pollution while recycling.

v. Pollution Tax and Fines

Indian government has taken many steps to control pollution. Some of the measures are regular vehicle checkups, levying pollution tax on the industries emitting smoke. These measures are coupled with huge fines and even imprisonment for the law breakers.

vi. Use of the Input Efficient Technology

The input efficient methods have been devised that not only increases the production and productivity but also efficiency with which the inputs are used. The efficient use of input, on one hand, leads to lesser exploitation of the natural resources and, on the other hand, enhances the future economic growth prospects of India.

The non-conventional sources of energy have many advantages. They are discussed below:

1. Cheaper and Renewable: Most of the Non-conventional Power resources are cheaper and renewable as compared to the conventional sources.

2.  Scarcity of Fossil Fuels: The overall limitation and scarcity of fossil fuels has given rise to the urgent need for exploiting alternative energy sources.

3.  Rural Energy Needs: Locally available non-conventional and renewable power resources can meet localized rural energy needs with minimum transportional cost.

4. Inexhaustible and Environment friendly: Power from Non-conventional and Renewable is a must in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the coal-based power plants. It is inexhaustible in nature and environment friendly.

According to Herman Daly – a leading environmental economists the following needs should be done to acheive sustainable development:

1. Limiting the human population to a level within the carrying capacity of the environment.

2. Technological progress should be input efficient and not input consuming.

3. Renewable resources should be extracted on a sustainable basis.

4. For non-renewable resources, rate of depletion should not exceed the rate of creation of renewable substitution.

5. Inefficiencies arising from pollution should be corrected.

 Constituted of 10 to 20 Members  Preferably Members should be from Homogenous Background  Women SHGs have Greater Sustainability  Key to Women Empowerment and Rural Development (As seen in Southern India) SELF HELP GROUPS
3. 5 MAJOR REQUIREMENTS OF SHGS Saving Record Keeping Economic Activities Meeting Transaction
4.  Most of the Works are Done by Women, especially in Rural Area  Pan India Recognition of Rajasthani Handicrafts, Dresses and Food Items  Several Area Specific Products have lots of Potential  A good source of Forest Products  Several Departments and NGOs are already working with SHGs in Remote Areas PERSPECTIVE & PROSPECTIVE IN RAJASTHAN
5. 3 APPROACHES By Officials WCD Mostly Non Functional By NGO Others Mostly Defaulter By Members Raajivika Self Sustainable

Click on the given link for project:

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwi56tq1iOHtAhWFf30KHWBpA3YQFjACegQIARAC" href="https://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaKantPathak/self-help-groups-71795828" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaKantPathak/self-help-groups-71795828&ved=2ahUKEwi56tq1iOHtAhWFf30KHWBpA3YQFjACegQIARAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Self Help Groups - SlideShare</a>

AC is the consumption curve and A'S is the saving curve. Q is the break even point where the income= consumption and savings= 0.